South University Online

Posts Tagged ‘America’

Everything is large in Texas, but it seems that the rest of the United States has more than its share of the world’s largest somethings. Texas itself has the world’s largest fire hydrant in Beaumont; wooden nickel in San Antonio; kettle in Galveston; horseshoe in Marfa; cowboy hat in Paris; and of course, the world’s biggest burger served at Charlie Brown’s in Carrolton.

California is another big state full of big things, like the world’s largest shoe and Pez dispenser, both in Bakersfield; chess set in Morro Bay; hammer in Eureka; fiddle in Fiddletown; artichoke in Castroville; paper cup in Riverside; and the very patriotic U.S. flag in Long Beach.

Some of the world’s largest things can be found all over the United States. Here is a short list.

- Adirondack Chair: Westminster, Maryland

- Apple Basket: Frazeysburg, Ohio

- Baked Potato: Blackfoot, Idaho

- Ball of Rubber Bands: Wilmington, Delaware

- Baseball Bat: Louisville, Kentucky

- Basketball: Knoxville, Tennessee

- Clock: Clarksville, Indiana

- Conch Shell: Panama City Beach, Florida

- Dinosaur Park: Beaver, Arkansas

- Donut: Yokumtown, Pennsylvania

- Ear of Corn: Olivia, Minnesota

- Eight-ball: Tipton, Missouri

- Globe: Yarmouth, Maine

- Golf Ball: Fripp Island, South Carolina

- Guitar: Bristol, Tennessee

- Hockey Stick: Real Eveleth, Minnesota

Not all the world’s largest things in America are just curiosities. For instance, The world’s largest wind generator has two 400-foot blades, is 20 stories high and is located on the Hawaiian island of Oahu. Walmart of Bentonville, Arkansas is the world’s largest retailer. And there is lots more: The world’s largest American Legion Post is in Lincoln, Nebraska; the world’s largest carousel is in Spring Green. Wisconsin; the world’s largest flattop mountain is in Grand Mesa, Colorado; the world’s largest drive-in fast-food restaurant is the Varsity in Atlanta, Georgia; the world’s largest public library is the Harold Washington Library in Chicago, Illinois; the world’s largest commercial building is the Merchandise Mart also in Chicago; and the world’s largest brewery is Anheuser Busch in St. Louis, Missouri.

America has so many of the world’s largest that the list goes on and on. The world’s largest bookstore is a Barnes and Noble in New York City; the world’s largest vacuum chamber is 100 feet in diameter and located at the NASA Glenn Research Center in Sandusky, Ohio; the world’s largest supercomputing grid is the TeraGrid based at the University of Chicago; the world’s largest marine reserve is in Hawaii; the world’s largest honkytonk is Billy Bob’s in Fort Worth, Texas; the world’s largest casino in the Foxwoods Resort in Ledyard, Connecticut; the world’s largest McDonalds is in Vinita, Oklahoma; the world’s largest Bible is in Abilene, Texas; the world’s largest swimming pool is in Garden City, Kansas; the world’s largest guitar store is Ed Roman’s in Las Vegas, Nevada; the world’s largest hotel chain is Best Western, founded in Long Beach, California; the world’s largest department store is Macy’s in New York City; the world’s largest rose bush covers 800 square feet in Tombstone, Arizona; and the world’s largest laundromat is in Berwyn, Illinois and you still have to wait for a dryer!

Counties

Chatham

Durham

Franklin

Harnett

Johnston

Orange

Person

Wake

Cities

The Triangle region, as defined for statistical purposes as the Raleigh-Durham-Cary CSA, comprises 8 counties, although the U.S. Census Bureau divided the region into two metropolitan statistical areas and one micropolitan area in 2003. Some local television networks define the region as Raleigh-Durham-Fayetteville. Although Fayetteville, North Carolina, is nearly 50 miles (80 km) from Raleigh’s city limits, it is in the designated market area.

Primary cities

Raleigh, 380,173

Durham, 217,847

Chapel Hill, (Town), 54,492

Suburbs with more than 10,000 inhabitants

Apex

Carrboro

Cary

Clayton

Fuquay-Varina

Garner

Holly Springs

Morrisville

Sanford

Smithfield

Wake Forest

Suburbs with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants

Angier

Bahama

Bear Creek

Bennett

Benson

Bonlee

Bonsal

Buies Creek

Bunn

Bynum

Carbonton

Centerville

Cleveland

Coats

Corinth

Dunn

Efland

Erwin

Fearrington

Feltonville

Four Oaks

Franklinton

Friendship

Goldston

Gorman

Gulf

Haywood

Hillsborough

Hurdle Mills

Kenly

Knightdale

Lillington

Lizard Lick

Louisburg

Mebane

Micro

Moncure

New Hill

Oxford

Pine Level

Pittsboro

Princeton

Rolesville

Rougemont

Roxboro

Saxapahaw

Selma

Siler City

Silk Hope

Timberlake

Wendell

West Smithfield

Wilson’s Mills

Youngsville

Zebulon

Education

Public secondary education in the Triangle is similar to that of the majority of the state of North Carolina, in which there are county-wide school systems (the exception is Chapel Hill-Carrboro City Schools within Orange County but apart from Orange County Schools). The Wake County Public School System, which includes the cities of Raleigh and Cary, is the largest school system in the state of North Carolina and the 18th largest in the United States, officially recording an enrollment of 139,599 students on the 20th day of the 2009-10 school year. Other larger systems in the region include Durham Public Schools (about 33,000 students) and rapidly growing Johnston County Schools (about 31,000 students).

Institutions of higher education

Duke Chapel at Duke University.

Campbell University

Central Carolina Community College

Duke University

Durham Technical Community College

Meredith College

North Carolina Central University

North Carolina State University

Peace College

Pfeiffer University

Piedmont Community College

Shaw University

St. Augustine’s College

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Vance-Granville Community College

Wake Technical Community College

Sports

College sports

Rameses, mascot of the North Carolina Tar Heels.

With the significant number of universities and colleges in the area and the relative absence of major league professional sports, NCAA sports are very popular, particularly those sports in which the Atlantic Coast Conference excels, most notably basketball, football, and soccer.

The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Tar Heels in Chapel Hill, North Carolina State University Wolfpack in Raleigh, and the Duke University Blue Devils in Durham are all members of the ACC. Rivalries among these schools are very strong, fueled by proximity to each other, with annual competitions in every sport. Adding to the rivalries is the large number of graduates that high schools in the region send to each of the local universities. It is very common for students at one university to know many students attending the other local universities, which increases the opportunities for “bragging” among the schools. The four ACC schools in the state, Duke, North Carolina, North Carolina State, and Wake Forest University are referred to as Tobacco Road by sportscasters, particularly in basketball. All four teams consistently produce high-caliber teams. Each of the Triangle-based universities listed have won at least two NCAA Basketball National Championships.

The East Carolina University Pirates are 75 miles (121 km) away in Greenville, North Carolina. Competitions against East Carolina are popular non-conference contests for many of the schools in the Research Triangle, and the university is considered a rivalry by some fans.

Three historically black colleges, including new Division I member North Carolina Central University and Division II members St. Augustine College and Shaw University also boost the popularity of college sports in the region.

Professional Sports

The region has only one professional team of the four major sports, the Carolina Hurricanes of the NHL, based in Raleigh. Since moving to the Research Triangle region from Hartford, CT, they have enjoyed great success, including winning a Stanley Cup and advancing to the Eastern Conference Finals. With only one top level professional sports option, minor league baseball and other sports are quite popular in the region. The Durham Bulls in Downtown Durham are a AAA Minor League Baseball affiliate of the Tampa Bay Rays, and the Carolina Mudcats, based in Zebulon, 10 miles east of Raleigh, are a AA affiliate of the Cincinnati Reds. In Cary, the Carolina RailHawks are a United Soccer Leagues First Division soccer team.

Commerce

Anchored by leading technology firms, government and world-class universities and medical centers, the area’s economy has performed exceptionally well. Significant increases in employment, earnings, personal income and retail sales are projected over the next 15 years.

The region’s growing high-technology community includes such companies as IBM, SAS Institute, Cisco Systems, Nortel Networks, NetApp and Credit Suisse First Boston. In addition to high-tech, the region is consistently ranked in the top three in the U.S. with concentration in life science companies. Some of these companies include GlaxoSmithKline, Biogen Idec, BASF, Merck & Co., Novo Nordisk, Novozymes, and Wyeth. Research Triangle Park and North Carolina State University’s Centennial Campus in Raleigh support innovation through R&D and technology transfer among the region’s companies and research universities (including Duke University and The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill).

The area has fared relatively well in during the Late-2000s recession ranked as the strongest region in North Carolina by the Brookings Institution and among the top 40 in the country. The change in employment during from 2008 to 2009 was 4.6% and home prices was 2%. The Greensboro metropolitan area was listed among the second weakest and the Charlotte area among the middle in the country.

Major employers

American Airlines

BASF

Bayer

The Body Shop

Burt’s Bees

Cisco Systems

Credit Suisse Group

Duke University

Durham Public Schools

DuPont

Eaton

Fidelity Investments

Environmental Protection Agency

General Electric

GlaxoSmithKline

IBM

LabCorp

Lenovo

Netapp

Nortel Networks

North Carolina State Government (including the University of North Carolina system)

Progress Energy

Qualcomm

Red Hat

Research Triangle Institute

SAS Institute

Sony Ericsson

Syngenta

Teleflex Medical

Toyota

United States Forest Service

Verizon

Wake County Public School System

Major hospitals and medical centers

Duke University Medical Center Patient Rapid Transit monorail train in Durham.

North Carolina Memorial and Children’s hospitals in Chapel Hill.

Durham VA Medical Center in Durham.

The Research Triangle region is served by the following hospitals and medical centers:

Hospitals of the Duke University Health System

Duke Ambulatory Surgery Center (Durham)

Duke Children’s Hospital and Health Center (Durham)

Duke Raleigh Hospital (formerly Raleigh Community Hospital)

Duke University Medical Center (Durham)

Durham Regional Hospital (Durham)

Person Memorial Hospital (Roxboro)

Hospitals of the UNC Health Care system

Chatham Hospital (Siler City)

North Carolina Cancer Hospital (Chapel Hill)

North Carolina Children’s Hospital (Chapel Hill)

North Carolina Memorial Hospital (Chapel Hill)

North Carolina Neurosciences Hospital (Chapel Hill)

North Carolina Women’s Hospital (Chapel Hill)

Rex Hospital (Raleigh)

Hospitals of the WakeMed system

WakeMed Raleigh Campus (formerly Wake Memorial Hospital and Wake Medical Center)

WakeMed Cary Hospital (formerly Western Wake Medical Center)

Other hospitals and medical centers

Dorothea Dix Hospital (Raleigh)

Durham VA Medical Center (Durham)

Franklin Regional Medical Center (Louisburg)

Johnston Memorial Hospital (Smithfield)

Transportation

Freeways and primary designated routes

I-40 passing through RTP.

The Durham Freeway passing through downtown Durham.

The Triangle is served by three major interstate highways: I-40, I-85, and I-95, their spurs: I-440 and I-540, and seven U.S. Routes: 1, 64, 70, 264, 401, and 15 and 501 which are multiplexed through much of the region as US 15-501.

Two of the three interstates diverge from one another in Orange County with I-85 heading northeast through northern Durham County toward Virginia, while I-40 travels southeast through southern Durham, through the center of the region, and serves as the primary freeway through Raleigh. The related loop freeways I-440 and I-540 are primarily located in Wake County around Raleigh. I-440 begins at the interchange of US 1 and I-40 southwest of downtown Raleigh and arcs northward around downtown with the formal designation as the Cliff Benson/Raleigh Beltline (co-signed with US 1 on three-fourths of its northern route) and ends at its junction with I-40 in southeast Raleigh. I-540 has about a third of its route open, but is already sometimes known as the Raleigh Outer Loop. The latest segment of 540 to open has been designated as a state route (NC 540) and not an interstate route, in anticipation of that segment eventually becoming a toll road. The 540 freeway currently serves the southernmost part of Research Triangle Park, Raleigh-Durham International Airport, North Raleigh and city’s nearby northern suburbs before ending in east Raleigh at the US 64-264 Bypass. I-95 serves the extreme eastern edge of the region, crossing south-to-north through suburban Johnston County.

U.S. Routes 1, 15, and 64 primarily serve the region as limited-access freeways or multi-lane highways with access roads. US 1 enters the region from the southwest as the Claude E. Pope Memorial Highway and travels through suburban Apex where it merges with US 64 and continues northeast toward Raleigh. The two highways are co-designated for about 2 miles (3.2 km) until US 1 joins I-440 and US 64 with I-40 along the Raleigh-Cary border. Capital Boulevard, which is designated US 1 for half of its route and US 401 the other is not a limited-access freeway, although it is a major thoroughfare through northeast Raleigh and into the northern downtown area.

North Carolina Highway 147, also known as the Durham Freeway, is a limited-access freeway that connects I-85 with I-40 in southeastern Durham County. The four-lane route traverses downtown Durham and extends through Research Triangle Park. The freeway is often used as a detour alternate route for I-40 in the Chapel Hill area, in cases of traffic accident, congestion or road construction delays.

Public transit

Triangle Transit bus

Chapel Hill Transit bus

A partnering system of multiple public transportation agencies currently serves the Triangle region. Raleigh is served by the Capital Area Transit (CAT) municipal transit system, while Durham has the Durham Area Transit Authority (DATA) system. Chapel Hill is served by Chapel Hill Transit, and Cary is also served by its own public transit systems. However, Triangle Transit, formerly called the Triangle Transit Authority (TTA), works in cooperation with all area transit systems by offering transfers between its own routes and those of the other systems. Triangle Transit also coordinates an extensive vanpool and rideshare program that serves the region’s larger employers and commute destinations.

There are plans to merge all of the area’s municipal systems into Triangle Transit, and Triangle Transit also has proposed a regional rail system to connect downtown Durham and downtown Raleigh with multiple suburban stops as well as stops in the Research Triangle Park area. The agency’s initial proposal was effectively cancelled in 2006, however, when the agency could not procure adequate federal funding. A committee of local business, transportation and government leaders currently are working with Triangle Transit to develop a new transit blueprint for the region, with various modes of rail transit, as well as bus rapid transit, open as options for consideration.
Air

Raleigh-Durham International Airport (RDU)

Main article: Raleigh-Durham International Airport

(IATA: RDU, ICAO: KRDU, FAA LID: RDU)

RDU welcome sign.

American Airlines Boeing 777 touches down at RDU.

Southwest Airlines jet landing at RDU.

The General Assembly of North Carolina chartered the Raleigh-Durham Aeronautical Authority in 1939, which would be changed in 1945 to the Raleigh-Durham Airport Authority. The first new terminal opened in 1955. Terminal A (now Terminal 1) opened in 1981. American Airlines began service to RDU in 1985.

RDU opened the 10,000-foot (3,000 m) runway, 5L-23R, in 1986. American Airlines opened its North-South Hub operation at RDU in the new Terminal C in June 1987, greatly increasing the size of RDU’s operations with a new terminal including a new apron and runway. American brought RDU its first international flights to Bermuda, Cancun, Paris and London.

In 1996, American Airlines ceased its hub operations at RDU due to Pan Am and Eastern Airlines. Pan Am and Eastern were Miami’s main tenants until 1991, when both carriers went bankrupt. Their hubs at MIA were taken over by United Airlines and American Airlines. This created a difficulty in competing with US Airways’ hub in Charlotte and Delta Air Lines’ hub in Atlanta for passengers traveling between smaller cities in the North and South. Midway Airlines entered the market, starting service in 1995 with the then somewhat novel concept of 50 seat CRJs providing service from its RDU hub primarily along the east coast. Midway, originally incorporated in Chicago, had some success after moving its operations to the midpoint of the eastern United States at RDU and its headquarters to Morrisville, NC. The carrier ultimately couldn’t overcome three weighty challenges: the arrival of Southwest Airlines, the refusal of American Airlines to renew the frequent flyer affiliation it had with Midway (thus dispatching numerous higher fare paying businesspeople to airlines with better reward destinations), and the significant blow of September 11, 2001. Midway Airlines filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy on August 13, 2001 and ceased operations entirely on October 30, 2003.

In February 2000, RDU was ranked as the nation’s second fastest growing major airport in the United States, by Airports Council International, based on 1999 statistics. Passenger growth hit 24% over the previous year, ranking RDU second only to Washington Dulles International Airport. RDU opened Terminal A south concourse for use by Northwest and Continental Airlines in 2001. The addition added 46,000 square feet (4,300 m2) and five aircraft gates to the terminal. Terminal A became designated as Terminal 1 on October 26, 2008. In 2003, RDU also dedicated a new general aviation (GA) terminal. RDU continues to keep pace with its growth by redeveloping Terminal C into a new state-of the-art terminal, now known as Terminal 2, which opened in October 2008.
Other carriers at RDU International Airport:

Air Canada, the airport’s first international carrier, introduced service to Toronto in 1996.

Southwest Airlines, the nation’s largest low-cost carrier, began service to RDU in 1999.

America West (merged with US Airways in 2005) began service at RDU in 2002 with flights to Phoenix and Las Vegas.

JetBlue began nonstop service between RDU and New York and Boston in 2006, with additional service to Fort Lauderdale, which began in January 2008.

Public general-aviation airports

In addition to RDU, several smaller publicly-owned general-aviation airports also operate in the metropolitan region:

Horace Williams Airport in Chapel Hill

Franklin County Airport (IATA: LHZ, ICAO: KLHZ, FAA LID: LHZ), Louisburg

Johnston County Airport (IATA: JNX, ICAO: KJNX, FAA LID: JNX), Smithfield

Horace Williams Airport (IATA: IGX, ICAO: KIGX, FAA LID: IGX), Chapel Hill

Harnett Regional Jetport (IATA: HRJ, ICAO: KHRJ, FAA LID: HRJ), Erwin

Person County Airport (ICAO: KTDF, FAA LID: TDF), Roxboro

Siler City Municipal Airport (ICAO: K5W8, FAA LID: 5W8), Siler City

Private airfields

There are numerous licensed private general-aviation and agricultural airfields in the region’s suburban areas and nearby rural communities:

Lake Ridge Airport (8NC8) in Durham

Bagwell Airport (FAA LID: NC99), Garner

Ball Airport (FAA LID: 79NC), Louisburg

Barclaysville Field Airport (FAA LID: NC44), Angier

Brooks Field Airport (FAA LID: 8NC6), Siler City

CAG Farms Airport (FAA LID: 87NC), Angier

Charles Field Airport (FAA LID: NC22), Dunn

Cox Airport (FAA LID: NC81), Apex

Crooked Creek Airport (FAA LID: 7NC5), Bunn

Dead Dog Airport (FAA LID: 8NC4), Pittsboro

Deck Airpark Airport (FAA LID: NC11), Apex

Dutchy Airport (FAA LID: 5NC5), Chapel Hill

Eagle’s Landing Airport (FAA LID: 9NC8), Pittsboro

Field of Dreams Airport (FAA LID: 51NC), Zebulon

Fuquay/Angier Field Airport (FAA LID: 78NC), Fuquay-Varina

Hinton Field Airport (FAA LID: NC72), Princeton

Kenly Airport (FAA LID: 7NC3), Kenly

Lake Ridge Aero Park Airport (FAA LID: 8NC8), Durham

Miles Airport (FAA LID: NC34), Chapel Hill

North Raleigh Airport (FAA LID: 00NC), Louisburg

Peacock Stolport Airport (FAA LID: 4NC7), Garner

Raleigh East Airport (FAA LID: 9NC0), Knightdale

Riley Field Airport (FAA LID: 1NC5), Bunn

Ron’s Field Ultralight Airport (FAA LID: 1NC1), Pittsboro

Triple W Airport (ICAO: K5W5, FAA LID: 5W5), Raleigh

Womble Field Airport (FAA LID: 3NC9), Chapel Hill

Heliports

The following licensed heliports serve the Research Triangle region:

NC92 helipad at Duke University Medical Center

Betsy Johnson Memorial Hospital Heliport (FAA LID: NC96), Dunnublicly owned; medical service

Duke University North Heliport (ICAO: NC92, FAA LID: NC92), Durhamrivately owned; public medical service

Garner Road Heliport (FAA LID: 3NC2), Raleighublicly owned; state government service

Holly Green Heliport (FAA LID: 83NC), Durhamrivate

Sky-5 Heliport (FAA LID: 3NC2), Raleighrivate, owned by WRAL-TV

Sprint MidAtlantic Telecom Heliport (FAA LID: 11NC), Youngsvillerivate; corporate service

Wake Medical Center Heliport (FAA LID: 0NC4), Raleighublicly owned; medical service

Western Wake Medical Center Heliport (FAA LID: 04NC), Caryublicly owned; medical service

A number of helipads (i.e. marked landing sites not classified under the FAA LID system) also serve a variety of additional medical facilities (such as UNC Hospitals in Chapel Hill), as well as private, corporate and governmental interests, throughout the region.

Shopping

Notable shopping centers and malls:

Northgate Mall in Durham

Brier Creek (Raleigh)

Brightleaf Square (Durham)

Cameron Village (Raleigh)

Carolina Premium Outlets (Smithfield)

Cary Towne Center (Cary)

Crabtree Valley Mall (Raleigh)

Crossroads Plaza (Cary)

Northgate Mall (Durham)

North Hills (Raleigh)

South Square Mall – defunct (Durham)

The Streets at Southpoint (Durham)

Triangle Towne Center (Raleigh)

University Mall (Chapel Hill)

Notable locally based or independent retailer:

A Southern Season – the nation’s largest gourmet retailer (Chapel Hill)

Entertainment

Film Festivals and Events:

Flicker Film Festival – Carrboro

Full Frame Documentary Film Festival – Durham

Escapism Film Festival – Durham

Retrofantasma Film Festival – Durham

Nevermore Film Festival – Durham

North Carolina Gay and Lesbian Film Festival – Durham

Notable Performing Arts and Music Venues:

The Time Warner Cable Music Pavilion at Walnut Creek – Raleigh

Koka Booth Amphitheatre at Regency Park – Cary

Progress Energy Center for the Performing Arts – Downtown Raleigh

RBC Center – Raleigh

Durham Performing Arts Center – Durham

Theatre and Dance Events:

American Dance Festival – Durham

Media

Print

Numerous newspapers and periodicals serve the Triangle market.

Paid and subscription

Offices of The Herald-Sun in Durham.

The News & Observer, the major daily Raleigh newspaper and the region’s largest, with a significant regional and statewide readership (especially to the east of the Triangle).

The Herald-Sun, the major daily Durham newspaper.

The Durham News, a weekly community newspaper serving Durham County.

The Cary News, a weekly community newspaper serving suburban Cary and western Wake County.

Garner News, the weekly community newspaper for suburban Garner in southern Wake County.

The Apex Herald, the weekly community newspaper for suburban Apex in western Wake County.

Holly Springs Sun, the weekly community newspaper for suburban Holly Springs in southwestern Wake County.

Cleveland Post, the weekly community newspaper for suburban Cleveland and nearby northwestern Johnston and southern Wake counties.

Fuquay-Varina Independent, the weekly community newspaper for suburban Fuquay-Varina in southwestern Wake County.

The Wake Weekly, a weekly community newspaper serving suburban Wake Forest, northern Wake County and southern Franklin County.

The Chapel Hill News, a biweekly community newspaper serving Chapel Hill, suburban Orange County and northeastern Chatham County

The Chatham Journal, the weekly community newspaper for suburban Pittsboro and surrounding Chatham County.

The Clayton News-Star, a weekly community newspaper for suburban Clayton and western Johnston County.

The Daily Record, the daily community newspaper for suburban Dunn and surrounding Harnett County.

The Courier-Times, the semiweekly community newspaper for suburban Roxboro and Person County.

The Triangle Business Journal, a weekly regional economic journal.

Chapel Hill Magazine, a local bi-monthly magazine that serves 12,500 households and 1,600 businesses of Chapel Hill, Carrboro, Hillsborough and northern Chatham County.

Free

The Independent Weekly, a free weekly regional independent journal published in Durham.

The Carolina Journal, a monthly free regional newspaper published in Raleigh.

The Raleigh Downtowner, a free monthly magazine for downtown Raleigh and environs.

The Raleigh Hatchet, a free monthly magazine.

The Daily Tar Heel, the free weekday (during the regular academic year) student newspaper at UNC-Chapel Hill.

The Technician, the free weekday (during the regular academic year) student newspaper at NC State University in Raleigh.

The Chronicle, a free daily newspaper for (but independent of) Duke University and its surrounding community in Durham.

The Blotter, a free monthly regional literary journal.

Fifteen-501, a free magazine for the Durham-Chapel Hill area (named for nearby U.S. Route 15-501).

Acento Latino, a free Spanish-language weekly regional newspaper published in Raleigh.

Online only

The Raleigh Telegram, a free daily news source for the greater Raleigh area.

The Wake Forest Gazette, a free weekly news site for items of local Wake Forest Interest

Television

Broadcast

The Triangle is part of the Raleigh-Durham-Fayetteville Designated Market Area for broadcast television, which currently is home to the following television stations:

WUNC-TV (4), the PBS affiliate and viewer-supported flagship station of the University of North Carolina television network.

WRAL-TV (5), the CBS affiliate, licensed to Capitol Broadcasting Company.

WTVD-TV (11), the ABC affiliate, owned by ABC/Walt Disney Company.

WNCN-TV (17), the NBC affiliate, owned by Media General.

WLFL-TV (22), the CW affiliate, owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group.

WTNC-LP (26), the Telefutura affiliate, owned by Univision Communications, Inc.

WRDC-TV (28), the My Network TV affiliate, owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group.

WRAY-TV (30), an independent station, owned by Multicultural Broadcasting.

WUVC-TV (40), the Univision affiliate, owned by Univision Communications, Inc.

WRPX-TV (47), the Pax/ION affiliate (Raleigh-Durham), owned by ION Media Networks.

WRAZ-TV (50), the Fox affiliate, which is operated by Capitol Broadcasting Company.

Cable

Raleigh is home to the Research Triangle Region bureau of the regional cable news channel News 14 Carolina.

Online

The Triangle region hosted North Carolina’s first online television station, RTP-TV (Research Triangle Park Television), which broadcast news and programs of regional interest over the Internet from its Research Triangle Park location until ceasing operations in 2006.

Radio

The Triangle is home to North Carolina Public Radio, a public radio station/NPR provider that brings in listeners around the country. Raleigh and a large part of the Triangle area is Arbitron radio market #43. Stations include:

FM stations:

88.1 FM WKNC (NCSU) College Radio from N.C. State University

88.5 FM WRTP (RTN) Christian (“His Radio WRTP”)

88.7 FM WXDU (DU) College Radio from Duke University

88.9 FM WSHA (SU) NPR/Jazz from Shaw University

89.3 FM WXYC (UNC) College Radio from UNC-Chapel Hill

89.7 FM WCPE Classical & Opera Music

90.7 FM WNCU (NCCU) NPR/Jazz from N.C. Central University

91.1 FM W216BN (RTN) Christian (“His Radio WRTP”)

91.5 FM WUNC (UNC) NPR affiliate from UNC-Chapel Hill

92.5 FM WYFL (BBN) Christian Programs from Bible Broadcasting Network

93.9 FM WKSL (CC) Rhythmic Adult Contemporary (“93.9, Kiss FM”)

94.7 FM WQDR (CMG) Country (“94.7 QDR”)

96.1 FM WBBB (CMG) Rock (“96 Rock”)

96.7 FM WKRX Country (“Kickin’ Country”)

96.9 FM WYMY (CMG) Spanish (“La Ley 96.9″)

97.5 FM WQOK (R1) Hip Hop (“K-97.5″)

98.9 FM W255AM (RTN) Christian (“His Radio WRTP”)

99.9 FM WCMC (CBC) Sports (“99.9 The Fan ESPN Radio”)

100.7 FM WRVA (CC) Classic Rock (“100.7, The River”)

101.1 FM WZTK (CMG) Talk(“FM Talk 101.1″)

101.5 FM WRAL (CBC) Adult Contemporary (“Mix 101.5″)

102.5 FM WKXU (NCM) Country (“Kicks 102.5″)

102.9 FM WWMY (CMG) Oldies (“Y-102.9″)

103.3 FM WAKG (PB) Country (“103.3 WAKG”)

103.9 FM WNNL (R1) Urban Gospel (“103.9, The Light”)

104.3 FM WFXK (R1) Urban Adult Contemporary (“Foxy 104″)

105.1 FM WDCG (CC) Pop and Contemporary Hits (“G-105″)

106.1 FM WRDU (CC) Country (“Rooster Country”)

106.7 FM WKVK (EMF) Contemporary Christian

107.1 FM WFXC (R1) Urban Adult Contemporary (“Foxy 107″)

107.7 FM W299AQ (RTN) Christian (“His Radio WRTP”)

107.9 FM WVDJ-LP Community Radio

107.9 FM W300AR (RTN) Christian (“His Radio WRTP”)

AM stations:

540 AM WETC Spanish

570 AM WDOX Talk, Sports & Music (“570 WDOX”)

620 AM WDNC Sports(“620, The Bull”)

680 AM WPTF News, Talk & Sports (“News/Talk 680, WPTF”)

750 AM WAUG Urban Programming from St. Augustine’s College

850 AM WRBZ Sports (“850, The Buzz”)

1030 AM WDRU Christian (“The Truth, 1030″)

1240 AM WPJL Christian

1310 AM WTIK Spanish

1360 AM WCHL News, Talk & Sports

1410 AM WRJD Urban Gospel

1430 AM WRXO Country (“Oldies 1430″)

1490 AM WDUR Spanish

1530 AM WLLQ Spanish

1550 AM WCLY Urban Gospel

1590 AM WHPY Christian

Map of the Triangle

Primary cities and towns

A – Raleigh

B – Durham

C – Chapel Hill

D – Cary

E – Morrisville

F – Apex

G – Holly Springs

H – Fuquay-Varina

I – Garner

J – Knightdale

K – Wendell

L – Zebulon

M – Rolesville

N – Wake Forest

O – Hillsborough

P – Carrboro

Q – Pittsboro

R – Clayton

S – Youngsville

T – Franklinton

U – Creedmoor

V – Stem

W – Butner

Counties

1 – Wake

2 – Durham

3 – Orange

4 – Chatham

5 – Harnett

6 – Johnston

7 – Franklin

8 – Granville

Parks and bodies of water

a – Research Triangle Park

b – Umstead State Park

c – Jordan Lake

d – Haw River

e – Harris Lake

f – Lake Wheeler

g – Lake Benson

h – Falls Lake

Interstate highways

1 – I-40/I-85

2 – I-85

3 – I-40

4 – I-440

5 – I-540

Other major highways

1 – US 15

2 – US 1

3 – US 401

4 – US 64

5 – US 70

6 – US 401

7 – US 1

8 – US 15-501

9 – US 64

10 – US 70

11 – US 501

12 – NC 147

13 – US 64-264

14 – US 64 Business

Rankings

1 High Tech Region (Raleigh-Durham) — “Daring To Compete: A Region-to-Region Reality Check,” Silicon Valley Leadership Group, September 16, 2005

Top 10 Utility Company (Duke Power) – Site Selection, September 2005

12 Top Real Estate Market (Raleigh-Durham) — Expansion Management, August 2005

10 Top Venture Capital State (North Carolina) — Moran Stahl & Boyer LLC, Site Selection, July 2005

2 of the Top Business Opportunity Metros (Durham MSA, Raleigh-Cary MSA) — 2005 Mayor’s Challenge “Top Business Opportunity Metros”, Expansion Management, July 11, 2005

1 City (Greater Raleigh-Durham) for Biotechnology — “The Greater Philadelphia Life Sciences Cluster”, Milken Institute, June 2005

2 City (Greater Raleigh-Durham) for Life Sciences Human Capital — “The Greater Philadelphia Life Sciences Cluster”, Milken Institute, June 2005

4 City (Greater Raleigh-Durham) for Life Sciences Workforce — “The Greater Philadelphia Life Sciences Cluster”, Milken Institute, June 2005

17 Best Running City in America (Raleigh) — Runner’s World, MSN, June, 2005

5 U.S. Life Sciences Clusters (Greater Raleigh-Durham) — Milken Institute, June 2005

1 South’s State of the Year (North Carolina) — Southern Business & Development, June 20, 2005

One of Top 10 University Markets that Has Its Act Together (Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill) — Southern Business & Development, Summer 2005

2 Best Place (Raleigh-Durham) for Business & Careers — Forbes, May 5, 2005

5 Best Knowledge Worker Metro (Raleigh-Cary MSA) — “Knowledge Worker Quotient”, Expansion Management, May 2005

8 Most Unwired City (Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill) — Intel’s 3rd Annual “Most Unwired Cities” survey, May 2005

9 Top State (North Carolina) in Nanotechnology — Small Times, March 2005

9 Top Business State (North Carolina) — 2004 Governor’s Cup, Site Selection, March 2005

Top Small Business Towns in the U.S. (Dunn, #82) — Site Selection, March 2005

8 Hottest Labor Market (Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill) — American City Business Journal, TBJ, March 11, 2005

1 Best Place to Work (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP), # 4 (NIEHS) and # 1 Academic Institution (UNC-Chapel Hill) for Postdocs — “Best Places to Work for Postdocs: 2005″, The Scientist, February 14, 2005

4 Top Pro-Business State (North Carolina) — “Pollina Corporate Top 10 Pro-Business States for 2005: Keeping Jobs in America”, Pollina Corporate Real Estate, Inc., 2005

4 Best State (North Carolina) in Health Care and Availability — “Health Care Cost Quotient”, Expansion Management, February, 2005

34 Top Metro (Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill) for Job Growth & High Tech Output — Outlook, February, 2005

17 America’s Hottest Cities (Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill) — Expansion Management, November 2004

1 of America’s Most Entrepreneurial Campuses (UNC-Chapel Hill) — Forbes, October 22, 2004

3 Best Places to Live in America — Forbes, 2003
See also

I-85 Corridor

I-40

Piemdont Atlantic

Piedmont Crescent

Piedmont Triad

References

^ “American FactFinder”. United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 

^ Snipes, Cameron (June 17, 2009). “Brookings report ranks Raleigh-Cary strongest metro in N.C.”. Triangle Business Journal. http://www.bizjournals.com/triangle/stories/2009/06/15/daily31.html. Retrieved 2009-06-23. 

^ “North Carolina Hospitals and Medical Centers”. The Agape Center. http://theagapecenter.com/Hospitals/North-Carolina.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-30. 

^ “Regional Transit Needs: Next Steps”. TTA Web Site. http://www.ridetta.org/Regional_Rail/Overview/3-07LatestTransitNeeds.htm. Retrieved 2007-07-04. 

^ Raleigh-Durham International Airport

Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2007)

External links

Greater Raleigh Chamber of Commerce

Research Triangle

Google maps

v  d  e

 

State of North Carolina

Raleigh (capital)

Topics

Climate | Culture | Economy | Education | Geography | History | Music | North Carolinians | Politics | Wildlife | Visitor attractions

Regions

Western | High Country | Foothills | Piedmont | Metro Charlotte | Piedmont Triad | Triangle | Sandhills | Coastal Plain | Eastern | Cape Fear | Inner Banks | Outer Banks | Crystal Coast

Larger cities

Asheville | Cary | Charlotte | Durham | Fayetteville | Gastonia | Greensboro | Greenville | Hickory | High Point | Jacksonville | Raleigh | Wilmington | Winstonalem

Smaller cities

Albemarle | Apex | Asheboro | Burlington | Chapel Hill | Concord | Eden | Elizabeth City | Goldsboro | Graham | Havelock | Henderson | Hendersonville | Kannapolis | Kings Mountain | Kinston | Laurinburg | Lenoir | Lexington | Lumberton | Monroe | Morganton | New Bern | Newton | Reidsville | Roanoke Rapids | Rocky Mount | Salisbury | Sanford | Shelby | Statesville | Thomasville | Waynesville | Wilson

Major towns

Beaufort | Boone | Carrboro | Clayton | Cornelius | Dunn | Fuquay-Varina | Garner | Harrisburg | Holly Springs | Hope Mills | Huntersville | Indian Trail | Kernersville | Knightdale | Leland | Matthews | Midland | Mint Hill | Mooresville | Morehead City | Morrisville | Mount Pleasant | Oxford | Shallotte | Smithfield | Southern Pines | Tarboro | Wake Forest

Counties

Alamance | Alexander | Alleghany | Anson | Ashe | Avery | Beaufort | Bertie | Bladen | Brunswick | Buncombe | Burke | Cabarrus | Caldwell | Camden | Carteret | Caswell | Catawba | Chatham | Cherokee | Chowan | Clay | Cleveland | Columbus | Craven | Cumberland | Currituck | Dare | Davidson | Davie | Duplin | Durham | Edgecombe | Forsyth | Franklin | Gaston | Gates | Graham | Granville | Greene | Guilford | Halifax | Harnett | Haywood | Henderson | Hertford | Hoke | Hyde | Iredell | Jackson | Johnston | Jones | Lee | Lenoir | Lincoln | Macon | Madison | Martin | McDowell | Mecklenburg | Mitchell | Montgomery | Moore | Nash | New Hanover | Northampton | Onslow | Orange | Pamlico | Pasquotank | Pender | Perquimans | Person | Pitt | Polk | Randolph | Richmond | Robeson | Rockingham | Rowan | Rutherford | Sampson | Scotland | Stanly | Stokes | Surry | Swain | Transylvania | Tyrrell | Union | Vance | Wake | Warren | Washington | Watauga | Wayne | Wilkes | Wilson | Yadkin | Yancey

v  d  e

Greater Raleigh Metropolitan Region (Raleigh-Durham-Cary CSA)

Principal cities

Raleigh Durham Cary

Other significant cities

Apex Carrboro Chapel Hill Clayton Fuquay-Varina Garner Holly Springs Morrisville Smithfield Wake Forest

Counties

Chatham Durham Franklin Harnett Johnston Orange Person Wake

Major Universities

Duke Meredith College NC Central NC State UNC Chapel Hill Shaw

Miscellaneous

Research Triangle Park Triangle J Council of Governments Triangle Transit

Categories: Research Triangle, North Carolina | Metropolitan areas of North Carolina | High-technology business districtsHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from August 2007 | All articles needing additional references

 

Dr. William Allan Kritsonis

 

SELECTED PUBLICATIONS

 

2010

 

Miller, Q. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2010) Implementation of the Ways of Knowing through the

            Realms of Meaning as a Conceptual Framework in Professional Learning Communities

            As They Impact Strategic Planning in Education. National FORUM of Applied of

            Educational Research Journal, 23 (1&2)

 

Stevenson, R.D. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2010) Utilizing the Six Realms of Meaning in Improving

            Campus Standardized Test Scores through Team Teaching and Strategic Planning.

            National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal, 23 (1&2)

 

Thompson, C. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2010) Implementing the Ways of Knowing through the

            Realms of Meaning for Strategic Planning in K-12. National FORUM of Applied

            Educational Research Journal, 23 (1&2)

 

Ishaq, K. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2010) School Leadership Makes a Difference: A Sociological

            Perspective of Effective Strategic Planning and Integrating the Realms of Meaning

            Into School Improvement. National FORUM of Applied Educational Research

            Journal, 23 (1&2)

 

Thompson, B. A. & Kritsonis, W. (2010) Making National, State, District, and Local Plans

            Work Using the Six Realms of meaning as it Relates to Strategic Planning in Educational

            Leadership.  National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal, 23 (1&2)

 

Lewis, C. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2010) Educational Leaders Incorporating Ways of Knowing

            through the Realms of Meaning to Create Successful Strategic Plans for Public Schools.

            National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, 23 (1&2)

 

Doctor, T.L. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2010) Postmodernism and Ways of Knowing through the

            Realms of Meaning: New Answers to Lingering Problems. National FORUM of

            Applied Educational Research Journal, 23 (1&2)

 

Palmer, D. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2010) Strategic Planning in Schools: A View Through the Lends

            Of the Six Ways of Knowing through the Realms of Meaning. National FORUM of

            Applied Educational Research Journal, 23 (1&2)

 

Miller-Williams, S. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2010) A Systems Approach to Comprehensive School

            Reform: Using the Realms of Meaning and the Baldridge Model as a Systems

            Framework. National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal, 23 (1&2)

 

Gardiner, S.A., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2010) The Virtues of Postmodernism Electrified with the

            Use of Six Realms of Meaning in Strategic Planning. National FORUM of Applied

            Educational Research Journal, 23 (1&2)

 

 

Diggs, D. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2010) Strategic Excellence Thorugh the Empowerment of

            Postmodernism and the Realms of Meaning. National FORUM of Applied Educational

            Research Journal, 23 (1&2)

 

Blackbourn, J. M. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2010) The Question Every Teacher Educator Must Ask.

            National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, 20 (1&2)

 

Doctor, T.L. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2010) Postmodernism and Ways of Knowing through the

            Realms of Meaning: New Answers to Lingering Problems. National FORUM of

            Teacher Education Journal, 20 (1&2)

 

 

2009

 

Charlton, D. & Kritsonis. W.A. (2009) Human Resource Management: Accountability, Reciprocity and Nexus between Employer and Employee, National FORUM of Educational Administration and Supervision Journal, 26 (3)

 

Terry, L. A. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2009 What Will the Evolution of a Fresh Framework for 21st Century Human Resource Management in Education Do to Retain Highly Qualified Human Capital? National FORUM of Educational Administration and Supervision Journal, 26 (3)

 

Miller, Q., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2009) A Comparative Character Analysis of Dagny Taggard in Ayn Rand’s Atlas Shrugged and the Woman Superintendent.

            DOCTORAL FORUM- National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 6(1)

            (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED506131

 

Doctor, T.L., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2009) Ayn Rand: To be Selfish or Not to be Selfish – That is the Question.  Doctoral FORUM-National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 6(1)

            (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED50585)

 

Thompson, B.A., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2009) Ayn Rand: Selfishness – Your Way to Individual Triumph. Doctoral FORUM-National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 6(1)

            (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED506359)

 

 

Palmer, D.M., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2009) Lest We Forget: Exploring Ayn Rand’s Virtues of Selfishness (1964).  Doctoral FORUM-National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 6(1)

 

Thompson, C., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2009) Ayn Rand Says: Mend Thy Selfless Ways! Doctoral FORUM-National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 6(1)

 

Williams-Miller, S.L., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2009) A Question of Faith: Ayn Rand’s Objectivist View vs. the Teachings of Jesus Christ.  Doctoral FORUM-National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 6(1)

 

2008

 

Morgan, M., & Kritsonis, W.A.(2008) Beyond the First Days of School: The Recruitment,  Retention, and Development of Quality Teachers in Hard-to-Staff Schools: A National Focus. National FORUM of Educational Administration and Supervision Journal, 25 (3)    

 

Kritsonis, W.A., & Marshall, R.L.(2008) Doctoral Dissertation Advising: Keyes to Improvement of Completion Rates.  National FORUM of Educational Administration and Supervision Journal, 25 (3)

 

Laub, J.D., DeSpain, B.C., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) An Analysis of the Rural Public School

      Superintendency.  National FORUM of Educational Administration and Supervision

      Journal, 25 (2)

 

Torrez, A., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Smaller Learning Communities: Pre-Implementation Planning Critical to Success. National FORUM of Applied Educational Research  Journal, 21 (2)

 

Ivy, Adam, I., Herrington, D.E., & Kritsonis, W.A.(2008).  The Challenge of Building Professional Learning Communities: Getting Started. National FORUM of Applied Education Research Journal, 21 (2)

 

McLeod, K., Tanner, T., & Kritsonis,W.A. (2008). National Impact: Model of a Culturally Active Classroom. National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal, 21 (2)

 

Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Functions of the Dissertation Advisor. National Journal: Focus On Colleges, Universities, and Schools, 2 (1)

 

Hines, III, M., & Kritsonis, W.A.(2008). National Implications: Racial Differences in In-service Teachers’ Perceptions’ of Caucasian American Culturally Proficient School Leadership.

      National FORUM of Educational Administration and Supervision Journal, 25 (4)

 

Morgan, M. M., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). The Real Philadelphia Experiment: How Benjamin

     Franklin’s 13 Virtues can Save a School from Itself. National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, 18 (3)

 

Herrington, D.E., Kritsonis, W.A., & Tanner, T.  (2008). National Recommendations for Deconstructing Educational Leadership Courses: Re-Centering to Address the Needs of Students. National FORUM of Educational Administration and Supervision Journal, 25

 

Butcher, J., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) A National Perspective: Utilizing the Postmodern Theoretical Paradigm to Close the Achievement Gap and Increase Student Success in Public Education America. National FORUM of Educational Administration and Supervision Journal, 25 (4)

      (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No ED499482)

 

Egbe, R., Ivy, A., Moreland, B., Willis, L., Herrington, D.E., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). Ten Things to Consider When Developing a Survey or Assessment Instrument. National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal, 21 (3)

 

Glasco, R.L., Herrington, D.E., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). Developing and Nuturing a Common Vision for Technology Integration in Education. National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal, 21 (3)

 

Herrington, D.E., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). Essential Reflections for Non-Profits and School Prior to Writing and Submitting Grant Proposals. National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal, 21 (3)

 

Cloud, M., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). National Implications: Implementing Postmodernistic Strategies and the Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning for the Improvement of Ethical Conduct for the Improvement of Public Education. National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal, 21 (3)          (ERIC Documentation Reproduction Service No.ED499279)

 

Watkins, D., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). Aristotle, Philosophy, and the Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning: A National Study on Integrating a Postmodernist Approach to Education and Student Academic Achievement. National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal, 21 (3)

     (ERIC Documentation Reproduction Service No.ED499545)

 

 Butcher, J., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). Implementing the Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning to Assist Leaders in Retaining Alternatively Certified Teachers: Six National Recommendations for Improving Education in the United States of America. National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal, 21 (3)

      (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No ED499483)

 

Bowman, E., Herrington, D.E., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). Seven Ways to Increase At-Risk Student Participation in Extra-Curricular Activities. National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, 18 (3)

 

Puentes, H., Herrington, D.E., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). A Case Study with National Implications: Student Mobility and Academic Achievement at a Selected Elementary School Campus. National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, 18 (3)

 

Jedlicka,K., Herrington, D.E., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). The Persistence of Teacher Under-Utilization of Computer Technologies in the Classroom. National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, 18 (3)

 

Cloud, M., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). National Agenda: Implementing the Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning for the Improvement of Public Education. National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, 18 (3)

 

Smith, M.M., Herrington, D.E., Kritsonis, W.A., & Tanner, T. (2008). National Implications: Ten Things to Consider When Teaching Mathematics to African American Students. National FORUM of Multicultural Issues Journal, 5 (1)

 

McLeod, K., Tanner, T., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). National Recommendations for Improving Cultural Diversity: Model of a Culturally Active Classroom Setting.  National FORUM of Multicultural Issues Journal, 5 (1)

 

Joshua, M.T., Joshua, A.M., Obi, F.B., Umoinyang, I.E., Ntukidem, E.P., Kritsonis, W.A., Tanner, T., & DeMoulin, D.F. (2008). Conceptualization and Perceptions of Teaching as an Artistic Form: National and International Implications for Evaluation and Assessment. International Journal of Scholarly Academic Intellectual Diversity, 11 (1)

 

Joshua, A.M., Ukpong, E.M., Joshua, M.T., Kritsonis, W.A., Tanner, T., & DeMoulin, D.F. (2008).  Distribution Patterns of the Four Fundamental Temperaments among Secondary School Students in Cross River State, Nigeria: National and International Implications. International Journal of Scholarly Academic Intellectual Diversity, 11 (1)

 

Joshua, M.T., Bassey, S.W., Asim, A.E., Kritsonis, W.A., Tanner, T. & DeMoulin, D.F. (2008). National and International Implications for Universal Basic Education: Primary School Teachers’ Perceived and Conceived Continuous Assessment Difficulties and Reporting Competence in Cross River South, Nigeria. International Journal of Scholarly Academic Intellectual Diversity, 11 (1)

 

Kritsonis, W. A. (2008). Functions of the Dissertation Advisor. National Journal: FOCUS On Colleges, Universities, and Schools, 2 (1)

 

Watkins, D., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). National Promise for Student Academic Achievement and Success: Connecting Learning Utilizing the Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning. National Journal: FOCUS On Colleges, Universities, and Schools, 2 (1)

 

Taylor, J.H., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) National Implications: Quality of Effort and Selected Demographic Variables Contributing to the Prediction of Cognitive Outcomes. National Journal: FOCUS On Colleges, Universities, and Schools, 2 (1)

 

O’Brine,C.R., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). Segregation Through Brown vs. the Board of Education: A Setback or Landmark Case. DOCTORAL FORUM: National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 5 (1)

     (ERIC Document Reproduction No.ED499169)

 

Collins, C.J., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) National Agenda: Implementing Postmodern Strategies

      To Guide Educational Leaders in Creating Schools for Quality Learning in Public Education

      in America. DOCTORAL FORUM: National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 5(1)

     (ERIC Document Reproduction No.ED499554)

 

Coates-McBride, A., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). The M&M Effect-Assessing the Impact of Merit Pay on Teacher Motivation: National Implications. DOCTORAL FORUM: National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 5 (1)

     (ERIC Document Reproduction No.ED499772)

 

Terry, L.A., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). A National Issue: Whether the Teacher Turnover Effects Students’ Academic Performance? DOCTORAL FORUM: National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 5 (1)

     (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED499543)

 

Walden, L., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). The Impact of the Correlation Between the No Child Left Behind Act’s High Stakes Testing and the Drop-Out Rates of Minority Students. DOCTORAL FORUM: National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 5 (1)

     (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED499541)

 

Springs, M.A., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). National Implications: Practical Ways for Improving Student Self-Concept Through Student Achievement. DOCTORAL FORUM: National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 5 (1)

     (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED499551)

 

Morgan, M., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). A National Focus: The Recruitment, Retention, and Development of Quality Teachers in Hard-to-Staff Schools. DOCTORAL FORUM: National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 5 (1)

      (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.499323)

 

Charlton, D., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). The Documentation Process: The Administrator’s Role and the Interplay of Necessity, Support, and Collaboration. DOCTORAL FORUM: National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 5 (1)

     (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED499101)

 

Henderson, F.T., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). Graduation Rates at Historically Black Colleges and Universities: A Review of the Literature. DOCTORAL FORUM: National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 5 (1)

 

Torrez, A., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). National Impact for Pre-Implementation of Smaller Learning Communities. DOCTORAL FORUM: National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 5 (1)

     (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED499477)

 

Johnson, C., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Impact of the Mathematics Curriculum on the Success of African American High School Students.  National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, 18(1& 2)

 

Smith, Y.E., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Leaving Good Teachers Behind: A Professional Dilemma.  National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, 18(1& 2)

 

Norfleet, S., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Educational Leadership for Improved School-Community Relations.  National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, 18(1& 2)

 

Watkins, D., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Utilizing the Ways of Knowing Through The Realms of Meaning for a Postmodern Approach to Effecting Change in Special Education.  National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, 18(1& 2)

 

Townsell, R., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Human Resource Management in Small Rural Districts: The Administrator’s Role in Recruitment, Hiring, and Staff Development.  National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, 18(1& 2

     (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED497694)

 

Love, A., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) A Principal’s Role in Retaining First Year Teachers.  National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, 18(1& 2)

 

Jacobs, K.D., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Utilizing The William Allan Kritsonis Balanced Teeter-Totter Model as a Means to Cultivate a Legacy of Transformational Leaders in Schools.

      National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, 18(1& 2)

 

Kritsonis, W. (2008).  FOREWORD. National FORUM of Educational Administration and

      Supervision Journal, 25(3)

 

Kritsonis, W. (2008).  FOREWORD. National FORUM of Educational Administration and

      Supervision Journal, 25(2)

 

Kritsonis, W. (2008). FOREWORD. National FORUM of Educational Administration and

      Supervision Journal, 25(1)

 

Kritsonis, W. (2008). FOREWORD.  National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal, 21(2)

 

Kritsonis, W. (2008). FOREWORD.  National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal, 21(1)

 

Kritsonis, W. (2008). FOREWORD.  National FORUM Teacher Education Journal, 18(1 & 2)

 

Kritsonis, W. (2008). FOREWORD.  International Journal of Scholarly Academic Intellectual Diversity, 11(1)

 

Kritsonis, W. (2008). On-Line Scholarly Electric Journal Division, National FORUM Journals.  Available daily:  www.nationalforum.com

 

________________________________________________________________________

Mentored Research – 2008

 

Dr. Kritsonis

Mentoring and Teaching Doctoral Students and Colleagues to Write for Professional Publication – Refereed Articles Published

 

Sturgis, K.., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Characteristics of the Postmodern Educational Leader: National Implications for Improving Education in America.  The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)

 

White, P.A. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Education in the United States of America: Six Philosophical Strategies for Selecting Curriculum Using the Ways of Knowing through the Realms of Meaning.  The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)

 

Sturgis, K.., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) How to Implement the Ways of Knowing through the Realms of Meaning as a Process for Selecting Curriculum for the Development of the Complete Person.

      The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)

 

Perkins, T., & Kritsonis, W.A.(2008) Improving Education in America: Implementing the Ways of Knowing through the Realms of Meaning.  The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Spring)

 

Smith, G., F. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Leadership for High School Reform in the United States of America: A Postmodern Concept within a Modernist Campus. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)

 

Collins, C.J. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) National Agenda: Implementing Postmodern Strategies to Guide Educational Leaders in Creating Schools for Quality Learning in Public Education in America. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)

 

Holloway, F., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) National Agenda: Strategies for Improving Student

     Learning and the Human Condition in Public Education in the United States of America.

     The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)

 

Perkins, T., & Kritsonis, W.A.(2008) Improving Education in America: Implementing the Ways of Knowing through the Realms of Meaning.  The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Spring)

 

Collins, C.J. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) National Implications: Implementing Strategies for Improving Academic Achievement in Public Education in the United States. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)

 

Smith, G., F. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Leadership for High School Reform in the United States of America: A Postmodern Concept within a Modernist Campus. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)

 

Collins, C.J. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) National Agenda: Implementing Postmodern Strategies to Guide Educational Leaders in Creating Schools for Quality Learning in Public Education in America. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)

 

Iwundu, L., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) National Implications: Strategies for Dealing with Growing Diverse Populations in Public Education in the United States of America.  The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)

 

Brown, D.R., Jr., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) National Implications for Applying Transitional Leadership in a Postmodern Paradigm for Education in the United States of America. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)

 

Duong, R., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) National Implications for Postmodernism within the Realms of Educational Leadership. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)

 

Perkins, T., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) National Implications: Postmodernism and Its Effect on Public Schools in the United States of America.  The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Spring)

 

Duong, R., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) National Implications for Educational Leaders in Implementing the Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning in the Improvement of Academic Achievement. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)

 

Iwundu, L., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) National Policy Issues and Trends: Strategies for Implementing Postmodern Thinking to Guide Decision Making in the United States of America. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)

 

White, P.A. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) National Recommendations for Implementing Postmodernism in an Educational Organization for the Improvement of Public Education in the United States of America.  The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)

 

Evans, L. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Postmodern Philosophical Thinking: National Implications and Recommendations for Educational Leaders in the United States of America. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)

 

Evans, L. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Strategies for Improving Public Education in the United States of America: On the Development of Complete Persons. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)

 

Smith, G. F., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Strategies for Meeting National Standards and Improving Academic Achievement in Public Education in the United States of America.  The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)

 

Holloway, F., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) The Emerging Challenges for the World of Education:

     That Was Then – This Is Now. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student

     Research, 7 (Spring)

 

 Jedrys. J., Butler, N.L. Tanner, T., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Dissertation Summation: Application of Selected Geophysical Methods in Facies Differentiation on Upper Jurassic Sediments in the

     Cracow–Czestochowa Upland. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research,

     7 (Spring)

 

Butler, N.L. Tanner, T., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Do Polish Higher Institution Learners Prefer to Learn How to Speak English from a Native Speaker Rather than from a Non-Native Instructor: A Snapshot Comment. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research,

     7 (Spring)

 

Butler, N.L., Smith, S., Davidson, B.S., Tanner, T., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008)  Polish Post-Secondary Vocational Schools vs. Canadian Community Colleges: A Comparison of Information Accessibility and Accountability.  The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)

 

Butler, N.L., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Should Tuition Fees be required of Polish Higher School Students who Study Full-Time? The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)

 

Butler, N.L., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Are Polish Higher School Students in Agreement with HIV/AIDS Education Awareness Programs in Polish Primary and Secondary Schools which Include Homosexual Practices? A Brief Note.  The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)

 

Trzaskus-Zak, inz Beata, Buter, N.L., Kritsonis, W.A., & Griffith, K.G. (2008) A Method of

     Designation of Marginal Volumes of Economical Factors on a Two-Part Sale Price in the

     Gas Distribution Industry. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research,

     7 (Spring)

 

Kuklina, S.S., butler, N.L., Kritsonis, W.A. & Griffith, K.G. (2008) Learning Tolls for Overcoming Difficulties in Structuring Cooperative Activities in EFL Classrooms.

      The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)

Butler, N.L., Kritsonis, W.A., Hines III, M, & Griffith, K.G. (2008) International Education:

     Are Polish Higher School Learners Studying Spanish So That They Can Secure Employment

     in Spain? A Brief Commentary.  The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)

 

Butler, N.L., Davidson, B.S., Kritsonis, W.A., Griffith, K.G. (2008) International Education:  Do Polish Higher School Students Prefer Speaking in Person, Listening, Reading or Writing   During Spanish Classes?  The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research,     7 (Spring)  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED500292)

 

 

Brady, E.C., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Targeting Reading Fluency for ESL Students: A research based and practical application. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)

      (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED500036)

 

Finch, J., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Unmarried Couples with Children. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)

 

2007

 

Herrington, David E., Kritsonis, William A., Proctor, Kathleen Kidd & Garza-Brown,

     Guadalupe (2007 Fall). Campus Level Grant Writing: Leveraging Teacher Talent to Access

     External Funding.  Journal of Border Educational Research 6(1).

  

Osterholm, K., Nash, W.R., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Effects of Labeling Students

     Learning Disabled”: Emergent Themes in the Research Literature 1970 Through 2000.

     National Journal: FOCUS on Colleges, Universities, and Schools, 1(1)

 

Osterholm, K., Horn, D.E., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) College Professors as Potential Victims

     Of Stalking: Awareness and Prevention: National Implications.  National Journal: FOCUS

     On Colleges, Universities, and Schools, 1(1)  

 

Williams, M.G., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Implications: Why HBCU Presidents

     Need Entrepreneurial Focus.  National Journal: FOCUS On Colleges, Universities, and

     Schools, 1(1)

 

Belshaw, S.H., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Implications in Juvenile Justice: The

     Influence of Juvenile Mentoring Programs On At-Risk Youth. The International Child Care

     Network CYC-Online, Issue 106 – Online, 106, November.    

 

Obo, F.E., Joshua, M.T., Kritsonis,W.A., & Marshall, R.L. (2007). Some Student-Personal Variables as Predictors of Mathematics Achievement in Secondary Schools in Central Cross River State, Nigeria. National FORUM of Educational Administration and Supervision Journal 24(2)

 

Hart, K.E., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007).  The Influence of Parenting Style on Psychosocial Adjustment. National FORUM of Educational Administration and Supervision Journal, 24(2)

 

Joshua, M.T., Ubi, I.O., Kritsonis, W.A., & Marshall, R.L. (2007). Gender, Personality and Neurotic Factors in Mathematics Achievement among Secondary School Students in Calabar, Nigeria. National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal, 20(2)

 

Pomykal, D.F., Hopper, P.F., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Impact: Creating Teacher

     Leaders Through the Use of Problem-Based Learning.  National FORUM of Applied

     Educational Research Journal, 20(3)

 

Johnson, C., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Banning Cell Phones in Public Schools: Analyzing

     A National School and Community Relations Problem.  National FORUM of Educational

     Administration and Supervision Journal, 24(3)

     (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED497423)

 

Johnson, C., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National School Debate: Banning Cell Phones on

     Public School Campuses in America.  National FORUM of Educational Administration

     and Supervision Journal, 25(4)

 

Wilson, M.A., & Kritsonis (2007) Melody Wilson’s Theoretical Framework Model on the

     Effectiveness of Pre-Kindergarten Montessori Programs on Preparedness of Children for

     Kindergarten. National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, 17(3)

 

Henderson, II, F.T., Rouce, S.D., Wawrykow, G., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Impact:

     Eugenics and Its Societal Implications.  National FORUM of Multicultural Issues Journal, 4(2)

 

Henderson, N., Wood, J., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Muslins in America. National FORUM of Multicultural Issues Journal, 4(2)

 

Jacobs, K.D., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007)  National Strategies for Educational Leaders to Implement Postmodern Thinking in Public Education in the United States of America. National FORUM of Educational Administration and Supervision Journal, 25(4)

 

Herrington, D.E., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Serendipitous Findings of A School-University Collaboration: A Case Study with National Implications for Supporting Novice Teachers. National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, 17(3)

 

Townsell, R., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Who in the World is Ayn Rand? Doctoral FORUM-

      National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 4(1)

     (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED49467)

 

Watkins, D., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Atlas Shrugged by Ayn Rand: A Comparative and Epistemological Philosophical Perspective Based on the Theoretical Framework of the Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning by William Allan Kritsonis, PhD. Doctoral FORUM-National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 4(1)

 

Henderson, III, F.T., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Graduation Rates at Historically Black Colleges

     and Universities: A Review of the Literature. Doctoral FORUM-National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 4(1)

 

Wakins, D., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Atlas Shrugged by Any Rand: A Comparative and

     Epistemological Philosophical Perspective Based on the theoretical Framework of the

     Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning by William Allan Kritsonis, PhD.

     Doctoral FORUM-National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 4(1)

 

Anthony, T.D., &  Kritsonis, W.A. (2007). A Mixed Methods Assessment of the Effectiveness of  Strategic EMentoring in Improving the Self-Efficacy and Persistence (or retention) of Alternatively Certified Novice Teachers within an Inner City School District. Doctoral FORUM-National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 4(1) (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No ED494448)

 

Patton, M.C., &  Kritsonis, W.A. (2007). Great Minds Think Differently: Sustaining a System of Thinking. Doctoral FORUM-National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 4(1)                                                        (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED494511)

 

Skinner, D.A. &  Kritsonis, W.A. (2007). When to be Selfish: Objectivism at its Best. Doctoral FORUM-National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 4(1)

 

Savoy, E. &  Kritsonis, W.A. (2007). National Implications: Implementing the Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning as an Ethical Decision-Making Process to Improve Academic Achievement-Ten Recommendations. Doctoral FORUM-National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 4(1)

 

 

 

Watkins, D. &  Kritsonis, W.A. (2007).  Developing a Curriculum for At-Risk and Low Performing High School Students: Teaching Shakespeare to At-Risk Students Utilizing Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning. Doctoral FORUM-National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 4(1)

 

Williams, M.G. &  Kritsonis, W.A. (2007). National Implications: Why HBCU Presidents Need Entrepreneurial Focus.  National Journal: FOCUS on Colleges, Universities, and Schools, 1(1)

 

Kritsonis, W. (2007).  FOREWORD. National FORUM of Educational Administration and

      Supervision Journal, 24(3)

 

Kritsonis, W. (2007).  FOREWORD. National FORUM of Educational Administration and

      Supervision Journal, 24(2)

 

Kritsonis, W. (2007). FOREWORD. National FORUM of Educational Administration and

      Supervision Journal, 24(1)

 

Kritsonis, W. (2007). FOREWORD.  National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal, 20(2)

 

Kritsonis, W. (2007). FOREWORD.  National FORUM Teacher Education Journal, 17(1 & 2)

 

Kritsonis, W. (2007). FOREWORD.  International Journal of Scholarly Academic Intellectual Diversity, 10(1)

 

Kritsonis, W. (2007). On-Line Scholarly Electric Journal Division, National FORUM Journals.  Available daily:  www.nationalforum.com

 

Recent International

 

Smith, C., Butler, N.L., Hughes, T.A., Herrington, D., & Kritsonis, W.A (2007).

      TECHNOLINGUA, Cracow, Poland.  June 25-26, 2007 – AGH University of Science and Technology.  Paper presentation: Native vs. Nonnative English Teachers in Polish Schools: Personal Reflections

 

Smith, C., Butler, N.L., Hughes, T.A., Herrington, D., & Kritsonis, W.A (2007).

      Conference on Problems in Language, Teaching, Vyatka State University of the Humanities, Kirov, Russia, February 14-15 2007.  Three papers accepted and published: 1) Native and Non-Native Teachers of English in Polish Schools – Personal Reflections: International Implications, 2) Observations on Native vs. Nonnative EFL Teachers in Poland, 3) The Role of Communication Context, Corpus-Based Grammar, and Scaffolded Interaction in ESL/EFL Instruction

 

________________________________________________________________________Mentored Research – 2007 Dr. Kritsonis

Mentoring and Teaching Doctoral Students and Colleagues to Write for Professional Publication – Refereed Articles Published

 

Berkins, C.L., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Curriculum Leadership: Curriculum for the At-Risk Student. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)

      (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No ED498643)

 

Nazemzadeh, N., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Postmodernism, Higher Education, and Economics: A Different View. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)

 

Nazemzadeh, N., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Economics and the Six Realms of Meaning. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)

 

Renfro, J.M., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Organization Leadership 101: The Importance pf Identifying and Implementing Character Trait Assessments that Move Educational Leaders to Levels of Excellence. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)

 

Cheng-Chieh, L., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Five Instructional Strategies for ESL Leaders: Improving ESL Learning through Cultural Activities. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of  Student Research, 4 (Fall)

 

Wawrzyniak, K., Butler, N.L., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Brief Summary of a Doctoral Dissertation in Geophysics. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)

 

Cheng-Chieh, L., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) CALL Application Electronic Portfolio in the Second Language Classroom. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)

 

Berkins, C.L., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Curriculum Leadership: New Trends and Career and Technical Education. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)

      (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED498616)

 

Nickerson G.T., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) An Investigation of How the Factors of Time on Task and Study Habits Contribute or Inhibit the Academic Success of Minority Students. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)

 

Nazemzadeh, N., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Ayn Rand: The Nonfiction Work. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)

 

Johnson, C., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Maintaining Ethical Leadership and High “Diversity” Standards in Higher Education: A National Issue in Educational Leadership. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)

 

Thomas, K., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) What Will It Take to Have an Effective Campusss? National Implications. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)

 

Norfleet, S., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Leadership Strategies for Closing  the Achievement Gap.

       The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)

 

Sands, A., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Three Factors Contributing to African American Males Being Placed into Special Education Classes: National Implications. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)

 

Muschalek, B., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Insight: 5 Strategies to Reach and Teach at-Risk Students. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)

 

Watkins, D., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Focus: Enhancing Student Achievement and Teacher Efficacy Through Effective Grant Writing and Creative Instructional Programming.

      The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)

 

Mroz, L., Butler, N.L., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) A Brief Note about the Functions of Discourse Markers in Discourse Coherence. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)

 

Butler, N.L., Burbelko, A., Rajzer, I., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) International Education Report: AGH University of Science and Technology, Cracow, Poland: Noteworthy Doctoral Recipients. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)

 

Jacobs, K.D., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Utilizing Culture to Improve Communication and School Involvement with Parents from Diverse Backgrounds as a Means to Improve Student Achievements Levels in the United States: A National Focus. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)

 

Firebaugh, K.D., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Epidemic: Five Benefits of Implementing the CATCH Program into a Physical Education Curriculum in Helping Fight Childhood Obesity.

      The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)

 

Jacobs, K.D., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) An Analysis of Teacher and Student Absenteeism in Urban Schools: What the Research Says and Recommendations for Educational Leaders. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Fall)

 

Butler, N.L., Griffith, K.G., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) The School’s Concern with Grades and the

     Societal Consequences.  The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Summer)

      (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED497506)

 

Butler, N.L., Kritsonis, W.A., & Griffith, K. (2007) The School As An Organization and Social

     Institution: A Brief Note. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research,

     4(Summer)

     (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED495206)

 

Butler, N.L., Griffith, K.G., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) International Impact: Agreement or Non- 

     Agreement: Are Polish Higher School Students in Agreement with a Law that Punishes

     People for Encouraging Homosexuality in Polish Primary and Secondary Schools?

     The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer)

     (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED497437)

 

Butler, N.L., Davidson, B.S., Pachocinski, R., Griffith, K.G., Kritsonis, W.A. (2007)

International Perspectives: Polish Post-Secondary Vocational Schools: A Comparison Using      An Information Technology Conceptual Model.  The Lamar University Electronic Journal         Student Research, 4 (Summer)

(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No ED497437)

 

Rajzer, I., Griffith, K.G., Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Investigations into the Use of Fibrous Carbon-

     Based Materials as Scaffold for Tissue Engineering by Izabella Rajzer.  The Lamar

     University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer)

 

Doucet, G., Grant, L.E., Brown, V.E., Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Update: Zero

     Tolerance School Disciplinary Policy and Criminology Theory.  The Lamar University

     Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer 2007)

 

Butler, N.L., Griffith, K.G., Kritsonis, W.A. Non-formal Education in Poland and Canada

     Compared: A Brief Commentary.  The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer) (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No ED497368)

 

Kritsonis, W.A., & Griffith, K.G. (2007) On Writing Well for Professional Publication in

     National Refereed Journals in Education.  The Lamar University Electronic Journal of

     Student Research, 4 (Summer)

 

Butler, N.L., Davidson, B.S., Pachocinski, R., Griffith, K.G., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007)

     Polish Post-Secondary Vocational Schools and Canadian Community Colleges: A

     Comparison using the School as an Organization and Social Institution as a     Conceptual  Framework.  The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research,              4 (Summer) (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED497362)

 

Butler, N.L., Griffith, K.G., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Student Ratings of Faculty    Performanc In Polish Higher Schools: A Brief Note.  The Lamar University           Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer)  (ERIC Document       Reproduction Service No.ED497453)

 

Wells, W.D., Griffith, K.G., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) The Achievement Gap between

     African-American and Non-minority Students: How Can We Close the Gap?

     The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer)

 

Butler, N.L., Griffith, K.G., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) The Use of Positive Youth Development     Constructs in Career Development Programs for Incarcerated Juvenile Offenders.     The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer)

 

Butler, N.L., Griffith, K.G., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) The Virtual University: A Brief Note.     The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer)

  

Townsell, R., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) A National Look at Postmodernism’s Pros and Cons in      Educational Leadership. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research,       4 (Summer)      (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED497693)

 

Skinner, D., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Bring You Best Self to an Interview.  The Lamar

     University Electronic Journal of Student Research 4 (Summer)

 

Butcher, J., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Human Resource Management: Managerial Efficacy in Recruiting and Retaining Teachers – National Implications.  The Lamar University      Electronic  Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer)                                                                                   (ERIC Documentation Reproduction Service No ED497357)

 

 

Williams, L., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Leaders We Have a Problem! It is Teacher Retention…What Can We Do About It? The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer)                                                                                                                   (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No ED497436)

 

Cloud, M., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Agenda: Development of Best Practices in Human

     Resources using Ways of Knowing through the Realms of Meaning as the Framework.

     The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer)

     (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No ED497363)      

 

Williams, M.G., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Focus on Postmodernism in Higher

     Education.  The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer)

 

 

 

Evans, L.M., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Impact: The Role of Human Resources

     Management and Leadership Development in Education and Their Effectiveness on Teacher

     Retention.  The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer)

 

Duong, R., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Implications: Characteristics of Effective

     Leadership in K-12.  The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4              

     (Summer)

 

Williams, M.G., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Implications: Examining Motivational

     Factors among Employees in Higher Education.  The Lamar University Electronic Journal

     of Student Research, 4 (Summer)

 

Holloway, F.D., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Implications: That Was Then, This is Now.

     The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer)

 

Melvin, S., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Implications: Those Who Care, Teach – Strategies

     That Promote the Recruitment and Retention of Classroom Teachers. The Lamar University

     Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer)

 

The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer)

 

Melvin, S., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Phenomenon – Fenwick English’s Postmodernism

     Goes to Hollywood. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4

     (Summer)

 

Collins, C.J., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Viewpoint: How to Implement the Ways of

     Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning as an Ethical Decision Making Process for

     Counselors to Improve Student Achievement.  The Lamar University Electronic Journal

     of Student Research, 4  (Summer)

 

White, P.A., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) The Essence of Effective Administrative Leadership:

     National Implications. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research,

     4 (Summer)

 

Smith, C., Butler, N.L., Hughes, T.A., Herrington, D., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Observations

     On Native vs. Non-native EFL Teachers in Poland. The Lamar University Electronic Journal

     of Student Research, 4(Summer)

     (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED495201)

 

Evans, L.M., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) The Moral Project – The Effects of Benjamin Franklin’s

     Thirteen Virtues within My Life.  The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student

     Research, 4 (Summer)

Roos, L., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) The Use of Positive Youth Development Constructs in

     Career Development Programs for Incarcerated Juvenile Offenders.  The Lamar University

     Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer)

 

  Johnson, C., & Kritsonis, W.A. (20077) New Strategies for Educational Leaders to Implement

     Postmodern Thinking in Public Education in the United States of America: Creating a

     National Change Strategy. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research,

     4(Spring) 

     (ERIC Document Reproduction No.ED497435)

 

Jacobs, K., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Strategies for Implementing Postmodern Thinking ofr

     Improving Secondary Education in Public Education in the United States of America:

     National Impact. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Spring)

     (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED495312)

 

Krukiewicz-Gacek, A., Griffith, K., Skrynicka-Knapczyk, D., Butler, N.L., & Kritsonis, W.A.  

     (2007) Should We Teach English for Work Purposes to Undergraduates at Polish Higher

     Schools? The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Spring)

     (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED495376)

 

Hughes, T.A., Butler, N.L., Kritsonis, W.A., & Herrington, David (2007) Primary and Secondary

     Education in Canada and Poland Compared: International Implications.  The Lamar

     University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Spring)

     (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED495075)

 

Butler, N.D., Davidson, B.S., Mroz, L., Brown, V., Griffith, K., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007)

     Do Polish High School Students Prefer Speaking in Person, Listening, Reading or Writing

     During EFL Classes? The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Spring)

     (ERIC Document Reproduction Service NO.ED495075)

 

Smith, C., Butler, N.L., Hughes, T.A., Herrington, D., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007). Native vs Nonnative English Teachers in Polish Schools: Personal Reflections. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Spring)                                                                    (ERIC Document Reproduction No ED495069)

 

Hughes, T.A., Hughes, J.T., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007). Brief Reflections on Atlas Shrugged by Ayn Rand: National Implications. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Spring)

 

Butler, N.L., Hughes, T.A., Kritsonis, W.A., & Herrington, D. (2007) Native and Non-Native Teachers of English in Polish Schools-Personal Reflections: International Educational Implications. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Spring)

     (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED495206)

 

Hughes, T.A., Butler, N.L., Kritsonis, W.A., & Herrington, D. Cheating in Examinations in Two Polish Higher Education Schools. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Spring)                                                                                                        (ERIC Documentation Reproduction Service No ED4955076)

 

Hughes, T.A., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) A Historical Perspective of National Educational Reform Efforts. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Spring)

 

Hughes, T.A., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Professional Learning Communities and the Positive Effects on Student Achievement: A National Agenda for School Improvement. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Spring)

 

Hughes, T.A., Butler, N.L., Kritsonis, M.A., Kritsonis, W.A., & Herrington, D. (2007) Religious Education in Government-Run Primary and Secondary Schools in Poland and Canada (Ontario and Quebec) – An International Focus. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Spring)

     (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED495110)

 

Laub, J.D. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) A National Perspective: Transforming Leadership in America’s Rural Public Schools. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Spring)

 

Hughes, T.A., Butler, N.L., Kritsonis, W.A., & Herrington, D. (2007) Education in Canada: A Lecture to the Polish Comparative Education Society. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Spring)

 

Hughes, T.A., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) An Independent Publisher Online’s Highlighted Titles Book Awards and Recognition for Exceptional Teachers. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Spring)

 

Anderson, A.C., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) The Perspectives of Ayn Rand on the Virtues of Selfishness (1964). The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Spring)

 

Anderson, A.C. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Postmodern Philosophical Thinking and Recommendations According to Fenwick English. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Spring)

 

Anthony, T.D., Kritsonis, W.A., & Herrington, D. (2007) Postmoderism and the Implications for Educational Leadership: National Implications. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Spring)

     (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED495291)

 

 

Anthony, T.D., Kritsonis, W.A., & Herrington, D. (2007) National Cry for Help: Psychological Issues as They Relate to Education; A Realistic Approach to Understanding and Coping with the African American Males. The L

History

Body Worlds was first presented in Tokyo in 1995. Body Worlds exhibitions have since been hosted by more than 50 museums and venues in North America, Europe, and Asia.

Body Worlds 2 & The Brain Our Three Pound Gem (concerning the brain and nervous system) opened in 2005 at the California Science Center in Los Angeles and is currently set to open its next showing at the Franklin Institute.

Body Worlds 3 & The Story of the Heart (concerning the cardiovascular system) opened on February 25, 2006, at the Houston Museum of Natural Science. On July 9, 2009 this show started at the Buffalo Museum of science in Buffalo, New York, and is currently showing at the Ontario Science Center in Toronto.

Body Worlds 4 debuted February 22, 2008 at the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester in England and was in the Cureghem Cellars in Brussels until March 2009.

Body Worlds & The Mirror of Time (featuring human development and aging) debuted at The O2 in London in October 2008.

Krperwelten & Der Zyklus Des Lebens opened in Heidelberg in January 2009.

Body Worlds exhibitions have received more than 26 million visitors, making them the world’s most popular touring attraction.

The exhibit states that its purpose and mission is the education of laymen about the human body, leading to better health awareness. All the human plastinates are from people who donated their bodies for plastination via a body donation program.

Each Body Worlds exhibition contains approximately 25 full-body plastinates with expanded or selective organs shown in positions that enhance the role of certain systems. More than 200 specimens of real human organs and organ systems are displayed in glass cases, some showing various medical conditions.

Some of the specimens, such as the Tai Chi Man demonstrate interventions, and include prosthetics such as artificial hip joints or heart valves.

Also featured is a liver with cirrhosis and the lungs of a smoker and non-smoker are placed side by side. A prenatal display features fetuses and embryos, some with congenital disorders.

To produce specimens for Body Worlds, von Hagens employs 340 people at five laboratories in three countries, China, Germany and Kyrgyzstan. Each laboratory is categorized by specialty, with the China laboratory focusing on animal specimens. One of the most difficult specimens to create was the giraffe that appears in Body Worlds & The Cycle of Life. The specimen took three years to complete ten times longer than it takes to prepare a human body. Ten people are required to move the giraffe, because its final weight (like all specimens after plastination) is equal to the original animal.

Several Body Worlds exhibits (as well as Von Hagens himself) were featured in the 2006 film Casino Royale. Among the plastinates featured were the Poker Playing Trio (which plays a key role in one scene) and Rearing Horse and Rider.

Regulatory framework

Czech Republic

In July 2008, the Czech Senate passed a law to address illegal trading in human tissue and ban “advertising of donation of human cells and tissues for money or similar advantages”.

France

On Tuesday 21 April 2009, a French judge ruled to go to the Paris exhibition of “Our Body: The Universe Within”, saying that exhibiting dead bodies for profit was a “violation of the respect owed to them”. “Under the law, the proper place for corpses is in the cemetery,” said Judge Louis-Marie Raingeard. Raingeard ordered the exhibition to close within 24 hours or face a fine of 20,000 euros (over 26,000 dollars) for each day it stayed open. The judge also ordered authorities to seize the 17 bodies on display and all of the organs on display from an unknown number of people for proper burial. Gunther Von Hagens issued a press statement denying any connection between the Chinese exhibition and Body Worlds. Similar exhibitions had already been successfully staged in Lyon and Marseilles.

UK

England and Wales

The UK Parliament created specific legislation for Plastination exhibits in England and Wales under the Human Tissue Act 2004. This requires a licence to be granted by the Human Tissue Authority. In March 2008, the Manchester Museum of Science and Industry was granted such a licence to hold Body Worlds 4 and a further licence was granted to the exhibition in the O2, London, in 2008.

The Human Tissue Act superseded the Anatomy Act 1832 which was found by an independent commission (The Redfern Report) to be inadequate on contemporary collection and use of human tissues, following the Alder Hey organs scandal.

Separate legislation exists in Scotland:

Scotland

The Human Tissue (Scotland) Act 2006 which amended the Anatomy Act 1984 covers Scotland. Under the terms of this Act, licences for the handling of human remains, including display, must be granted directly by the Scottish Ministry.

“Subsection 9: If the Scottish Ministers think it desirable to do so in the interests of education, training or research, they may grant a license to a person to publicly display the body or, as the case may be, the part, and a person is authorized under this subsection to so display a body or a part of a body if, at the time of the display he is licensed under this subsection.”

Various organizations gave evidence to the Scottish Executive during the consultation process, including the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, the Welcome Trust, and the Museums Association.

USA

Various legislation is proposed in different American states. Most proposals concentrate on issues regarding the sale of human remains and the consent of the donors.

National legislation on consent and tissue donation issues is expressed in the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act (2006) passed by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws which states that “an anatomical gift of a donor body or part may be made during the life of the donor for the purpose of transplantation, therapy, research, or education” and prohibits trafficking in donated human organs for profit.

In early 2008 Federal Representative W. Todd Akin proposed an amendment to the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930 to “make it unlawful for a person to import plastinated human remains into the United States.” The President of the American Association of Anatomists has expressed concern that the scope of the act is “too broad” and that “Preventing importation of all plastinated specimens could severely restrict their use for medical education.”. The bill of amendment was removed from the books at the end of the 2008 Congress session.

California

California’s proposed bill AB1519 (Ma), sponsored by Assemblywoman Fiona Ma, would “require exhibitors to get a county permit; to do so, they would have to prove to county health officials that the people whose cadavers were on display or their next of kin had consented.”

Assembly Bill 1519 would make California the first state to prohibit the commercial profit and public display of human bodies or remains, unless exhibitors provide documented informed consent of the deceased or next-of-kin.

Florida

The state of Florida prohibits the sale or purchase of human remains and “Authorizes certain science centers located in this state to transport plastinated bodies into, within, or out of this state and exhibit such bodies for the purpose of public education without the consent of this state’s anatomical board if the science center notifies the board of any such transportation or exhibition, as well as the location and duration of any exhibition, at least 30 days before such transportation or exhibition.”

Hawaii

In January 2009 Rep. Marcus Oshiro introduced two bills prompted by presentation of the BODIES Exhibition in that state.

HB28 Relating to Dead Human Bodies would add to the prohibition against buying dead human bodies, the selling of dead human bodies and defines the term “dead human body” to include plastinated bodies and body parts. It would increase the fine for buying or selling a dead human body to up to $5,000.

HB29 Relating to Dead Human Bodies. Would prohibit the commercial display of dead human bodies without a permit from the Department of Health.

New York

In June 2008, New York became the first state to pass legislation regulating body exhibits. A bill that was sponsored by Senator Jim Alesi requires anyone showing an exhibit that uses real human bodies in New York museums to produce a permit detailing their origin.

Pennsylvania

Representative Mike Fleck’s proposed bill would require evidence of informed consent from the decedent or relatives of all humans whose remains are put on display.

Washington

The state of Washington considered a bill that would “require written authorization to display human remains for a commercial purpose.”

Controversies

Body Worlds exhibitions have controversy and debate focused on various issues. Religious groups, including representatives of the Catholic Church and some Jewish rabbis have objected to the display of human remains, stating that it is inconsistent with reverence towards the human body.

In 2003, while promoting a display in the Hamburg Museum of Erotica Von Hagens announced his intention to create a sex plastinate. In May 2009 he unveiled a plastinate of a couple having sex, intended for a Berlin exhibition.

In 2007 The Bishop of Manchester launched a campaign to coincide with the opening of Body Worlds in that city, accusing the exhibitors of being “body snatchers” and “robbing the NHS”, arguing that donation of bodies for plastination would deprive the National Health Service of organs for transplant. The site included a government petition calling for “a review of the law regarding the policies and practices of touring shows involving corpses”.

Consent is a primary focus of discussion. Paul Harris, director of North Carolina’s State Board of Funeral Services, has stated, “Somebody at some level of government ought to be able to look at a death certificate, a statement from an embalmer, donation documents… That’s a reasonable standard to apply.” Assemblywoman Fiona Ma (D-San Francisco) said, “These displays do have important educational benefits, but using bodies against a person’s will is unacceptable”.

All whole body plastinates exhibited in Body Worlds come from donors who gave informed consent via a unique body donation program. Only adults over eighteen years of age can sign up to the programme. The pre-natal and infant specimens in the exhibitions are obtained from morphological collections previously held by universities and medical institutions.

Bodies from deceased persons who did not give consent such as deceased hospital patients from Kyrgyzstan and executed prisoners from China have never been used in a Body Worlds exhibition. In January 2004, the German news magazine Der Spiegel reported that von Hagens had acquired corpses of executed prisoners in China; he countered that he did not know the origin of the bodies, and returned seven disputed cadavers to China. In 2004, von Hagens obtained an injunction against Der Spiegel for making the claims.

A commission set up by the California Science Center in Los Angeles in 2004 confirmed von Hagens’ commitment to ethical practices, and published its Summary of Ethical Review. The commission matched death certificates and body donation forms, and verified informed legal consent of the bodies in the exhibitions. However, to ensure the privacy and anonymity promised to body donors, Von Hagens’ Institute for Plastination maintains a firewall between body donors’ documentation and finished plastinated bodies. To date, more than 9,000 individuals have pledged to donate their bodies to the Institute for Plastination in Heidelberg, in Germany.

Body Worlds has been accused of perpetuating ‘conservative’ gender representations. International trade experts have objected to the way in which bodies for commercial display are imported, because the way their categorization codes (as “art collections”) do not require Centers for Disease Control stamps or death certificates, both of which are required for medical cadavers. In most countries plastinated human specimens are classified under Customs Classification Code 97050000.48 tems in anatomical collections”. This customs code encompasses oological, botanical, mineralogical or anatomical collections or items in such collections.
In an ethical analysis, Thomas Hibbs, professor of ethics and culture at Baylor University, a private Baptist-affiliated institution, compared cadaver displays to pornography, in that they reduce the subject to “the manipulation of body parts stripped of any larger human significance.”

In a 2006 lecture entitled “Plasti-Nation: How America was Won”, Lucia Tanassi, professor of medical ethics and anthropology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, explored questions for ethicists regarding this new scientific frontier. Tanassi called it provocative that ethics committees have contributed to the popularization of the exhibits without setting forth any process of a line of inquiry, pointing to an ethics report from the California Science Center. As part of that review, bioethicist Hans Martin Sass was sent to Heidelberg to match donor consents with death certificates.

Concerns have been expressed about the educational aspects, especially the inclusion of these displays for school field trips. St. Louis Diocese Archbishop Raymond Burke strongly suggested that Catholic Schools avoid scheduling field trips, stating that parents, and not children, should retain the freedom of deciding whether or not their children will view the exhibit. Concerned with how “some kids process” these “graphic” images, Des McKay, school superintendent in Abbotsford, British Columbia (a suburb of Vancouver), barred field trips to exhibits of plasticized human beings. In an editorial to the Abbotsford News, Rev. Christoph Reiners questions what affect the exhibits will have on the values of children attending for school field trips. Others – such as the Catholic Schools Office of Phoenix – acknowledge the educational content of Body Worlds. Reporting on the exhibition at the O2 bubble in 2008/2009, Melanie Reid of the London Times stated “(Body Worlds) should be compulsory viewing for every child of 10 or over”
Von Hagens maintains copyright control over pictures of his exhibits. Visitors are not allowed to take pictures, and press photographers are required to sign agreements permitting only a single publication in a defined context, followed by a return of the copyright to Von Hagens. Because of a similar agreement applied to sound bites (O-Tne, in German) a German press organization suggested that the press refrain from reporting about the exhibition in Munich in 2003 .

Competitors

The success of Body Worlds has given rise to several copycat shows featuring plastinated cadavers, including BODIES… The Exhibition and Our Body: The Universe Within in the United States, Bodies Revealed in England, Body Exploration in Taiwan, Mysteries of the Human Body in South Korea, Jintai Plastomic: Mysteries of the Human Body in Japan, Cuerpos Entraables in Spain.

Some of these contain exhibits very similar to von Hagens’ plastinates; Von Hagens has asserted copyright protection, and has sued Body Exploration and Bodies Revealed. The suits were based on a presumed copyright of certain positions of the bodies, but the counterparty asserts that the human body in its diversity cannot be copyrighted.

Such lawsuits have not stopped the competition. While the Korean police in Seoul confiscated a few exhibits from Bodies Revealed, the exhibition went on successfully.

Several of the competing exhibitions have been organized by the publicly traded US company Premier Exhibitions. They started their first Bodies Revealed exhibition in Blackpool, England which ran from August through October 2004. In 2005 and 2006 the company opened their Bodies Revealed and BODIES… The Exhibition exhibitions in Seoul, Tampa, Miami, New York City, and Seattle. Other exhibition sites in 2006 are Mexico City, Atlanta (GA), London, Great Britain and Las Vegas (Nevada).

Unlike BODY WORLDS, none of the copycat exhibitions or their suppliers has a body donation programme. Dr. Roy Glover, a spokesperson for ‘Bodies … The exhibition’ stated that the bodies were ‘unclaimed’ cadavers deposited at the University of Dalian by the Chinese authorities. In May 2008, a settlement with the attorney general of New York obliged Premier Exhibitions to offer refunds to visitors when it could not prove consent for the use of the bodies in its exhibitions. New York Attorney General Andrew Cuomo commented: “Despite repeated denials, we now know that Premier itself cannot demonstrate the circumstances that led to the death of the individuals. Nor is Premier able to establish that these people consented to their remains being used in this manner.”

Further reading

Pushing the Limits – Encounters with Gunther von Hagens. Biography. Ed. Angelina Whalley 2005. In English.

Body Worlds – The Anatomical Exhibition of Real Human Bodies by Gunther Von Hagens Amazon-UK ASIN: B000Q2MCDU

No Skeletons in the Closet – a response to corpse scandals in Kyrgizstan 13 November 2003

Franz Josef Wetz, Brigitte Tag (eds.): “Schne Neue Krperwelten, Der Streit um die Ausstellung”, Klett-Cotta Verlag, Stuttgart 2001. Sixteen authors discuss the various ethical and aesthetical aspects of Body Worlds, in German.

Liselotte Hermes da Fonseca: Wachsfigur – Mensch – Plastinat. ber die Mitteilbarkeit von Sehen, Nennen und Wissen, in: Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift fr Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte (1999), Heft 1.

Doms, Misia Sophia: Die Ausstellung rperwelten und der Umgang mit der endlichen Leiblichkeit. In: Volkskunde in Rheinland Pfalz 17/1 (2002). S. 62-108.

Liselotte Hermes da Fonseca und Thomas Kliche (Hg.): Verfhrerische Leichen verbotener Verfall. “Krperwelten” als gesellschaftliches Schlsselereignis, Lengerich u.a.: Pabst Verlag 2006

Cambridge University Press: Advise and Consent’.

Auf Leben und Tod Beitrge zur Diskussion um die Ausstellung “Krperwelten” Reihe: Schriften aus dem Berliner Medizinhistorischen Museum, Bogusch, Gottfried; Graf, Renate; Schnalke, Thomas 2003, VII, 136 S. 62 Abb., Softcover ISBN 978-3-7985-1424-9

Gunther Von Hagens’ BODY WORLDS: Selling Beautiful Education, Lawrence Burns. The American Journal of Bioethics 2007(4):12
External links and sources

Official website (English and German)

Gunther Von Hagens TV and movie appearances at the Internet Movie Database

Life in the Fast Lane Images and Video

References

^ “BODY WORLDS 2 at The Franklin Institute”. .fi.edu. http://www2.fi.edu/bodyworlds2/. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ The official MOSI website[dead link]

^ Cureghem Cellars Official BODY WORLDS site[dead link]

^ “Visit London BODY WORLDS at the O2 official site”. Visitlondon.com. http://www.visitlondon.com/bodyworlds. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ Krperwelten & Der Zyklus Des Lebens[dead link]

^ “Fox news Dead Body Show Promotes Health, Exhibitor Says”. Foxnews.com. 2008-10-24. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,443881,00.html. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ “Channel M No Smoking Day 12 March 2008″. Channelm.co.uk. http://www.channelm.co.uk/video_4x3.html?bcpid=1213934526&bctid=1454906724. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ “Body Worlds Exhibitions”. Bodyworlds.com. http://www.bodyworlds.com/en/media/picture_database/thumbnails.html?category=15. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ “Plastinated Organs”. Bodyworlds.com. http://www.bodyworlds.com/en/media/picture_database/thumbnails.html?category=4. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ “Dr. Gunther von Hagens Anatomist and Inventor of Plastination”. Gayot www.gayot.com. 2008-06-05. http://www.gayot.com/interviews/dr_gunther_von_hagens.html. Retrieved 2008-09-30. 

^ “Czech Senate toughens rules for handling of human tissue”. Ceskenoviny.cz. http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/news/index_view.php?id=323506. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ France Shuts Down Popular Bodies Show&page=1

^ HTA Licensing[dead link]

^ “UK, Main findings of the Redfern report”. Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2001/jan/31/alderhey1. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ “Response by the Museums Association on the Human Tissue (Scotland) Bill”. Museums Association. 2005-09-08. http://www.museumsassociation.org/ma/11480. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ “Anatomical Gift Act”. Anatomical Gift Act. 2009-08-26. http://www.anatomicalgiftact.org/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=1&tabid=63. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ “Amends the Tariff Act of 1930″. Statesurge.com. 2008-04-16. http://www.statesurge.com/bills/69436-hr5677-federal. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ “American Association of Anatomists Newsletter Vol. 17, No. 3, September 2008″ (PDF). http://www.anatomy.org/Files/private/newsletters/aaa_sept_nl.pdf. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ “H.R. 5677: To amend the Tariff Act of 1930″. Govtrack.us. http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h110-5677. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ Ma. “California State bill AB1519 (Ma)”. Leginfo.ca.gov. http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/07-08/bill/asm/ab_1501-1550/ab_1519_bill_20080617_amended_sen_v92.html. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ “Cadaver shows raise consent concerns – Los Angeles Times”. Latimes.com. 2008-01-25. http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-corpse25jan25,0,2070702.story. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ a b “Legislation to Regulate Dead Body Exhibits Moves on to The Governor”. Californiachronicle.com. http://www.californiachronicle.com/articles/71686. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ “State of Florida Legislation”. Leg.state.fl.us. 2007-07-01. http://www.leg.state.fl.us/cgi-bin/view_page.pl?Tab=session&Submenu=1&FT=D&File=sb2554.html&Directory=session/2007/Senate/bills/billtext/html/. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ “Enact restrictions on cadavers shown in public exhibits”. Starbulletin.com. 2009-01-29. http://www.starbulletin.com/editorials/20090129_Enact_restrictions_on_cadavers_shown_in_public_exhibits.html. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ Posted by Georgette (2009-01-23). “Hawaii House Blog: Inspired by Bodies”. Hawaiihouseblog.blogspot.com. http://hawaiihouseblog.blogspot.com/2009/01/inspired-by-bodies.html. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ “Rochester Homepage Cracking down on human body exhibits”. Rochesterhomepage.net. 2008-06-19. http://rochesterhomepage.net/content/fulltext/?cid=17741. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ “Pennsylvania bodies exhibit regulatory bill”. Legis.state.pa.us. 2008-03-10. http://www.legis.state.pa.us/CFDOCS/Legis/PN/Public/btCheck.cfm?txtType=HTM&sessYr=2007&sessInd=0&billBody=H&billTyp=B&billNbr=2299&pn=3339. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ “State of Washington Bill Requiring written authorization to display human remains for a commercial purpose”. Apps.leg.wa.gov. http://apps.leg.wa.gov/billinfo/Summary.aspx?bill=1253&year=2007. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ Archdiocese of Vancouver – Body Worlds Exhibit

^ DEBORAH SUSSMAN SUSSER Associate Editor (2007-02-09). “‘Body Worlds’ comes to Phoenix – Jewish News of Greater Phoenix”. Jewishaz.com. http://www.jewishaz.com/issues/story.mv?070209+body. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ “prof in Corpse Sex plan”. News.sky.com. http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Sky-News-Archive/Article/200806412221471. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ Von Peter Kiefer Und Claudia Weingrtner. “Dr. Tod zeigt Leichensex in Berlin”. Bild.de. http://www.bild.de/BILD/regional/berlin/aktuell/2009/05/05/koerperwelten-dr-tod-gunther-von-hagens/er-zeigt-leichen-beim-sex.html. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ Bishop of Manchester’s campaign Site Corpseshow.info

^ “Looking Back and Looking Ahead”. Science Direct. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7GWX-4R71KF2-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=6ba114742d1043defa8f00ec7295486b. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ Body exhibits titillate, but are they legal? JSCMS[dead link]

^ “Body Donation Program”. Bodyworlds.com. http://www.bodyworlds.com/en/body_donation.html. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ “Kirghisien No Skeletons in the Closet Facts, Background and Conclusions: A response to the alleged corpse scandals in Novosibirsk, Russia, and Bishkek, Kyrgizstan” (PDF). http://www.bodyworlds.com/Downloads/E_Kirgisien AW GVH 2.pdf. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ Angelique Chrisafis in Paris. “Guardian.co.uk French Judge Closes Body Worlds Style Exhibition of Corpses”. Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/apr/21/corpse-france-hagens-ouvert. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ “Institute fur Plastination, Statement on Wrongful Allegations and False Reports by Media on the Origin of Bodies in BODY WORLDS Exhibitions, press release”. Pressemeldinger.no. http://www.pressemeldinger.no/read.asp?RecNo=15417. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ “Body Worlds: An Anatomical Exhibition of Real Human Bodies Summary of Ethical Review 2004/2005″ (PDF). http://www.bodyworlds.com/Downloads/englisch/Media/Press Kit/BW_LA_SummaryofEthicalReview.pdf. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ Megan Stern: Shiny, happy people. ‘Body Worlds’ and the commodification of health., Radical Philosophy, 118, March/April 2003

^ Television broadcast: Channel 3SAT, 1/5/2000,ie Leichenshow (he Cadaver Show)

^ Warenverzeichnis fr die Auenhandelsstatistik (List of goods for statistics on exports), 1998 Edition of the Federal Bureau of Statistics.

^ eResources, http://www.eResources.com. ”A Journal of Technology and Society – Dead Body Porn – Thomas S. Hibbs”. The New Atlantis. http://www.thenewatlantis.com/archive/15/soa/bodyworlds.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ Plasti-Nation: How America Was Won. “Public Lectures: Plasti-Nation: How America Was Won Archives”. Blog.lib.umn.edu. http://blog.lib.umn.edu/sphpod/sphpod/2006/07/plastination_how_america_was_w_1.html. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ “Origins of Exhibited Cadavers Questioned”. NPR. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5637687. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ http://www.myfoxstl.com/myfox/pages/News/Detail?contentId=4201800&version=1&locale=EN-US&layoutCode=TSTY&pageId=3.2.1

^ Vancouver, The (2006-10-01). “Abbotsford schools barred from taking ghoulish field trip”. Canada.com. http://www.canada.com/theprovince/news/story.html?id=f89ece3d-f0e0-4d55-aa2e-746a9fcd9079&k=63910. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ dignity in Boston – Body worlds objectifies humanity[dead link]

^ Phelan, Mike (2007-02-15). “Phoenix Diocesan Newspaper”. The Catholic Sun. http://www.catholicsun.org/2007/feb15/local/bodyworlds.html. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ Melanie Reid, London Times: Not gory, not scary, just fascinating[dead link]

^ Keine O-Tne ber Krperwelten Pressemitteilung, Deutscher Journalisten-Verband, 25 August 2003

^ “Body Exhibits Attract Suits on Contracts, Copyrights”. Law.com. http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1145538532408. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ http://www.bodiesrevealed.com/korean-times.pdf

^ “NPR Origins of Exhibited Cadavers Questioned”. Npr.org. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5637687. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ New York State Attorney General (2008-05-29). “Cuomo Settlement With ‘Bodies. . . .The Exhibition’ Ends The Practice Of Using Human Remains Of Suspect Origins”. Press release. http://www.oag.state.ny.us/media_center/2008/may/may29a_08.html. Retrieved 2008-09-17. 

^ [dead link]

^ http://www.bodyworlds.com/Downloads/E_Kirgisien AW GVH 2.pdf

^ “CJO – Abstract – Advise and Consent: On the Americanization of Body Worlds”. Journals.cambridge.org. 2006-12-05. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=9B9D758A46031EB903BFB7EDF6C5B35B.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=570528. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

^ Burns, Lawrence (2007-04-04). “Gunther von Hagens’ BODY WORLDS: Selling Beautiful Education”. bioethics.net. http://bioethics.net/journal/j_articles.php?aid=1205. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 

Categories: Anatomy | Anatomical preservation | Traveling exhibits | Sculpture exhibitionsHidden categories: All articles with dead external links | Articles with dead external links from February 2010 | Wikipedia external links cleanup | Wikipedia spam cleanup | Wikipedia articles with possible conflicts of interest

What do you do at the end of a long, trying work day? If you are like many people, watching television after dinner will be a way to relax and restore energy before another work day dawns.

Bill Kempen was having just such a peaceful evening of television watching when he suddenly realized that at 58 he was wasting his time with such viewing: He could surely be doing something more productive. What should he do instead?

In making that judgment to turn off his television set in the evenings, please realize that Bill Kempen was far from being a so-called couch potato. He co-headed a successful recruitment and human resources consulting firm. His physical fitness was so good that Bill was selected to represent South Africa in the World Power-Lifting Bench-Press competition at age 56. To help his community, he regularly spent his time helping the underprivileged in a variety of ways.

He wondered if he could use his evening hours in part-time studies for an MBA degree, a potential accomplishment that had long interested him. Attracted by an advertisement in the Economist for an online university, Bill joined the millions who are coming home from a full day of work to begin graduate studies.

What motivated him to take on this particularly time- and energy-consuming task? His job involved human resources consulting, a field in which academic credentials are helpful for attracting clients. MBA studies could also assist him to catch up with and make good use of the latest literature in his field.

He also hoped that MBA studies would enable him to be a more effective leader for his company while his firm helped clients to be more successful. Looking toward the near future, he hoped to retire in just a few years and to write a family history. Improving the company’s profits from MBA education would make retirement more certain and financially affordable.

In retirement, Bill hoped to spend more time with his family, help financially where necessary, arrange for family get-togethers on holidays, and spend more time with friends he had neglected during his busy consulting years. He hoped that profits would be good enough for him to sell his ownership in the consulting firm gradually and cut back on his consulting load. He planned to retire totally from consulting after receiving the final payment from selling his business. Perhaps writing a novel might be added to a long list of planned home improvement projects.

There’s no doubt that Bill loves education, both learning and teaching. Before becoming a consultant, he worked for many years as a teacher, studied at two training colleges and a university, and lectured at two business schools. During his time teaching working students, he noticed that deadlines were a major problem. When work demands rose, school work quality dropped well below a student’s potential.

He decided to avoid that problem in his own studies by finding a university where he would have no deadlines to meet, student-friendly modules of study, and profitable ways to apply the learning to his work.

While studying for his MBA, Bill took a wide range of courses designed to improve his personal effectiveness, knowledge of his field, and the productivity of his company. In each case, he did the work online under the supervision of an individual tutor who was a well-recognized business authority.

Two aspects of his university experiences particularly pleased him: Learning to write better and interaction with his course advisors.

He shared these observations about his course advisors:

“When a student sits in Johannesburg, South Africa, and the lecturers in America, maintaining contact with the student and personalizing the studies, is not easy. The advice given by the dean and his response to my letters or applications for course advisors left me with the impression that I was not just another number. The delightful sense of humor and the earnestness and professionalism with which the course advisors treated me, were extremely supportive. I sincerely appreciated the personal letters written by the course advisors giving advice on matters which arose within the assignments.”

Was it worth all of the effort? Bill seems to think so:

“To complete an MBA in the month that I turn sixty years old is a personal achievement of which I am quietly proud. The amount of knowledge and skills I have acquired through my studies and tutors has been extensive, exciting, and rewarding, BUT my company has been, and will be, the major benefactor. I have learned how to analyze and correct problems in our business, which I did not know how to do before I commenced these studies. The effect on our business is already visible in terms of improved morale and improved turnover.

“On a more personal basis there has been progress in a number of areas. I know I have sometimes not handled the stress well due to coping with long hours studying at home, a business that was losing turnover, poor cash flow, long hours at work too, and poor staff morale.

“In the end it has been worth it. The business has been turned round, and the habit of focusing on set objectives in business, family, social, intellectual and spiritual life, is paying dividends.

“Thank you, Rushmore University, for your help.”

Since graduating, Bill Kempen has been happy to complete his family’s history, Leaves of the Kempen Family Tree. Work is already being planned for a second edition that will feature his various ancestors’ roles in the Anglo-Boer War. Not letting any grass grow under his feet, he has already started researching drug addiction among young people as possible background for a novel.

It seems as though he never did get back to watching television in the evenings. And that’s just the way he likes it.

Nursing is one of the hottest jobs today and is expected to be so for the next ten to twenty years. Why is this? Primarily because baby boomers in the United States (or the world, for that matter) are aging and they are living longer because of increasing medical advancements and technologies. There is a shortage of nurses today and the increasing demand will only exacerbate this shortage. Those who are earning their nursing degrees can be assured or of a long-term and high-paying job well into the future.

Factors contributing to the nursing shortage

Aside from the aging population and increase in medical advancements, the factors contributing to the nursing shortage is the fact that enrollment in nursing schools is not growing fast enough to meet the demand. Also, there is a limited nursing faculty. Because there are fewer new nurses every year, the average age of currently working registered nurses is climbing (which is about 45). Ten years from now, a lot of these nurses will be retiring and new nurses are needed to fill their positions. In a study published in the journal Nursing Economics, it was reported that the shortage of nurses is negatively affecting the healthcare goals set by the National Quality Forum and the Institute of Medicine because it undermines the quality of patient care.

How the nursing shortage is being addressed

There is a lot of concern about the nursing shortage and the American Association of College of Nursing (AACN) is trying to address this crisis by working with schools, the media, policy makers, and other organizations. Beginning 2005, the AACN implemented strategies such as statewide initiatives to encourage practicing nurses to go back to school and earn graduate or advanced degrees to teach the next generation of student nurses. Universities and nursing colleges also formed partnerships and sought private support to increase student capacity in nursing schools. The US Department of Labor also did its share by awarding more than $12 million in grants through the President’s High Growth Job Training Initiative. Of the $12 million, $3 million will go to address the shortage of nursing faculty.

Online nursing programs made available

To make it easier for aspiring nurses and to accommodate more nursing students, a lot of universities and schools are offering online programs. Schools such as Kaplan University, South University, and University of Phoenix have developed high-quality distance learning programs. Not only is it cheaper compared to traditional nursing education, but those who have part-time or full-time jobs or family obligations can also take advantage of this opportunity. Learning online offers many benefits, chief of them is the convenience of choosing when to hear lectures and when to do school work and assignments. However, not because it is a virtual classroom doesn’t mean it’s a lot easier or takes less time to finish. Courses, modules and lessons follow the traditional lessons and only differ in delivery and medium. Online learning is also not for everyone. It takes a lot of discipline, independence and organization to successfully finish programs and pass examinations.

You guys are ready to look at Miss Universe 2009 live streaming online beauty contest is the most anticipated event of 2009, Miss Universe 2009, the line will be broadcast live on NBC and Telemundo TV all the inhabitants of America, U. S. Government and regions which can be viewed online. For viewers in France, we Pinoy TV station ABS-CBN, Miss Universe 2009 will be living directly Bahamas.

Miss Universe 2009 Live will be one of the most exciting competitions of beauty in this year 2009. E ‘was the 58th annual Miss Universe contest Miss Universe 2009, where 84 delegates for the title of Miss Universe 2009 competition known. In a few hours from now, you will witness the event live online for the 2009 Miss Universe

Pamela Bianca Manalo, is now the winner of the Binibining Pilipinas 2009 – Universe (Miss Philippines Universe), is our representative to the Miss Universe contest in 2009 in Iceland Paradise Atlantis in Nassau, Bahamas August 23, 2009 members.

Your support for your beautiful Miss Universe 2009 candidates, showing their vote as Miss photogenic, you’ve chosen for your favorite Miss Photogenic Miss Universe representative of your beloved country, and just like you, Miss Universe candidate, you can apply on-line via the NBC site vote on my post-vote for Miss Photogenic Miss Philippines at Miss Universe 2009

If you are very interested in the upcoming Miss Universe 2009 organization, you can use the old or past winners of the title holder of Miss Universe! If you want to see, however, as Miss Universe 2009 live streaming online, check and easy to store this site for more information and updates on news of Miss Universe 2009 Live. = Miss Universe Miss Universe will be the next hot fashion on television all the families.
Unable to perform Translation:invalid textThey asked me, Miss Universe 2009 Live live TV, watch the news today on the Miss Universe 2009 Live streaming.

Want to know, see the Miss Universe 2009 and winner of the defending champion, Miss Universe 2009 results for you the next holder of the title of Miss Universe recognized. Read live channels will air the Miss Universe 09 in your area cable TV provider in Miss Universe 2009 + live TV in British India, Canada, Europe, Panama, China, Philippines, United States of America, Puerto Rico , Venezuela, Australia, Colombia, Honduras, Iceland, Japan, Spain, South Africa, Indonesia and many others ..

If you are planning to make a career in the field of accounting, then getting a Bachelors in Accounting is the first step towards getting your first accounting job. Most Bachelors Degree programs in Accounting last for two years and provide you with the basic skills, background, knowledge and expertise in the subject of Accounting.

Typically, a Bachelors Degree program will give you the basic foundation in the intricacies of the work in the field of accounting, and will also give you an idea of how the accounting world works. You will study a number of basic, intermediate and advanced programs related to the subject of accounting. These would generally include courses related to subjects like taxation, auditing, and even business management.

With your Bachelors Degree in Accounting, you will gain entry level positions in good accounting firms and organizations. Typically, you can start a job as a Staff Accountant in accounting firms and other corporations.

There are a number of schools which offer an Accounting Bachelors Degree. These include: Academy College, Accounting and Business School of the Rockies, Advanced Training College, Allied Medical and Technical Institute, American Commercial College, American InterContinental University, Andover College, Antonelli College, Argosy University, Ashford University, Avtech Institute of Technology, Baker College, Bauder College, Benedictine University, Berkley Collge, Bohecker College, Boston University, Bradford School, Briarcliffe College, Brookstone College of Business, Brown Mackie College, California College, California Lutheran University, Career Point College, Career Training Academy, CDI College, CDM Institute, Central Coast College, Central Pennsylvania College, Charter College, City College, College of Business and Technology, College America, Colorado Technical University, Columbia Southern University, Computer Career Center, Computer Systems Institute, CSI Career College, Daymar College, DeVry University, Dover Business College, Draughons Junior College, Eagle Gate College, Eastwick College, ECPI College of Technology, Empire College, Everest College, Florida Career College, Florida Tech University, Fremont College, Friends University, Gallipolis Career College, Globe University, Gwinnett College, Harris School of Business, Heald College, Hezring College, Hesser College, Hickey College, Independence University, Indiana Business College, Indiana Wesleyan College, Institute of Business and Medical Careers, Institute of Technology, Interactive Learning Systems, Interboro Institute, International Business College, Jones International University, Kaplan Career Institute, Kaplan University, Keiser University, Landsdale School of Business, Las Vegas College, Lewis University, Liberty University, McCann School of Business and Technology, Mercy College, Milan Institute, Mildred Elley, Miller-Motet Technical College, Minneapolis Business College, Minnesota School of Business, Morrison University, Mountain State University, Myers University, National American University, New England College, Northeast Kansas Technical College, Northeastern University, Northwest Christian University, Northwestern Business College, Norwich University, Ohio Business College, Ohio Valley College of Technology, Ottawa University, PACE Institute, Pioneer Pacific College, Pittsburgh Technical Institute, Plaza College, Post University, Potomac University, Potomac College, Queens College, Rasmussen College, Ridley-Lowell Business and Technical Institute, Saint Leo University, Salem University, Sanford Brown College, South College, South Texas Vocational Technical Institute, South University, Southern Career Institute, Southwest Florida College, St. Joseph’s College, Stanbridge College, Stevens-Henager College, Strayer University, TCI College for Technology, Technical Career Institute, The College of Westchester, The PJA School, The Salter College, The University of Liverpool, The Wescoe School of Muhlenberg College, Tiffin University, Tri-State Business Institute, U.S. Colleges, University of Mary, University of Phoenix, University of the Incarnate Word, Upper Iowa University, Utah Career College, Utica College, Valley Career College, Vatterott College, Virginia College, Warner Pacific College, West Virginia Career Institute, Western Governors University, Western International University, Westwood College, Wright Business School, YTI Career Institute.

Most of these colleges and universities also offer online classes for getting your Bachelors Degree in Accounting online.

To Watch Online Blood Done Sign My Name

visit

www.funmovies.tk

Story

The book deals with the 1970 murder of Henry Marrow, a black man. This case helped galvanize the African-American resistance movement in Oxford, North Carolina, where the book takes place, and across the eastern North Carolina black belt. It helped establish local civil rights activist Ben Chavis’s leadership in the black civil rights movement, which eventually led to his becoming the executive director of the NAACP and later an organizer of the Million Man March. This episode radicalized the African American freedom struggle in North Carolina, leading up to the turbulence of the Wilmington Ten cases, which grew out of racial conflict in the port city and the trial of Ben Chavis and nine others on charges stemming from the burning of a grocery store.

Tyson, whose father was the minister of a prominent local church, explores not only the white supremacy of the South’s racial caste system but his own and his family’s white supremacy. He interweaves a narrative of the story and its effects on him with discussion of the racial history of the United States, focusing on the persistence of discrimination despite federal law and on the violent realities of that history on both sides of the color line. Tyson challenges the popular memory of the movement as a nonviolent call on America’s conscience led by Martin Luther King. The vision of the movement in these pages is local as well as national and international, violent as well as nonviolent, and far more complicated and human than the myth of “pure good versus bare-fanged evil in the streets of Birmingham,” as he puts it.

Oxford writer Thad Stem, Jr. is a key figure in the book.
[edit] The author

Tyson has since taken a position as Senior Scholar at the Center for Documentary Studies at Duke University, Visiting Professor of American Christianity and Southern Culture at Duke Divinity School, and also teaches in the American Studies Department at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill
[edit] Film adaptation

A movie adaptation of the book by Tyson and writer Jeb Stuart is currently in production, with filming set to take place in the cities of Shelby and Monroe. Gastonia, NC was chosen as one of the locations[1]The film adaptation is set to be released in the United States on February 19th, 2010

Introduction:

In this paper I will discuss the phenomenon of using native English teachers in the Middle East region, precisely in United Arab Emirates in the context of EFL in the public primary schools. In this discussion I will examine the reasons beyond such a phenomenon. I will also examine the attitude of native and non-native speaker teachers who teach English language along with students’ parents’ attitudes. Moreover, I will link “communicative imperialism” (Phillipson, 2006) and the role of the media with the context of EFL in the Middle East region. Due to the natural of my paper, a “self reflective” (Pennycook, 2001: p.1) and previous experiences of other countries are expected to be present.

ELT in United Arab Emirates has witnessed an extraordinary revolution in the last 6 years. My interest of this issue emerged simultaneity with the appearance of a new type of schools which are gradually replacing the ordinary public schools in UAE. This type is called (Al-Ghad schools) which literally means “tomorrow schools” in Arabic. It clearly indicates the main purpose of these schools is to produce more sophisticated, moderated and competitive students. The vision of ministry of Education and Youth in UAE as what they declared is “to have a new generation who is more capable of English language and its vocabulary and grammar skills”, in other words “we need a generation who speaks English as it is his or her first language”, thus to achieve this goal teachers who “have a better command of fluent, idiomatically correct language forms, are more knowledgeable about the cultural connotations of the language” (Braine, 1999: p.xiv) are needed. In order to make this vision alive, a huge number of native English teachers had been brought from areas such as “North America, Britain, new Zealand and Australia which claim ownership over English”( Canagarajah, 1999: p.79). Furthermore, to support this vision, some authorized sources in the government argue that this new methodology of teaching is the best in teaching English which enables the students to acquire the language very easy and smoothly. Schiitz (2007) cites Krashen’s (1987) view that acquisition any language requires meaningful interaction in the target language (natural communication) thus, language acquisition does not require extensive use of conscious grammatical rules because learners grow up learning the language as it is something very natural in their life without an effort, especially at the beginning levels of their life. Moreover, Boyle (1997) illustrates that native speaker teachers have a range of advantages over the non-native speaker teachers because (a) English learned from birth and developed through his/her life as primary language which been used in his/her life (b) the intricacies of the grammar of the language are learned instinctively and can be employed with speed and certainty (c) native speaker of English engages with other native speakers of English as something natural in his/her social context, so he/she uses the language all the time as the dominant language, thus it is better to use native speaker teachers of English to teach their first language. Additionally, McNeill (1994) in his study about the characteristics of native and non-native speaker teachers of English argues that native speaker teachers have the advantage when it comes to learners’ vocabulary needs. It is sensible to point here; the government is replacing non-native speaker teachers with native speaker teachers of English gradually in order to provide their students with the opportunity to hold conversations with teachers in English, and only in English.

On the other hand, Al-segair (2007) who works as a teacher in a prestigious university in the Middle East illustrates that in his investigation about native speaker teachers in the Middle East, “I found some of them used to work as dog-trainers back in Chicago” (paragraph, 2). He also pointed out that some teachers were “a bunch of former company employees and some had worked in western embassies” (paragraph, 2) who did not work as teachers before. Al-segair thus explains that not because you are a native speaker of a language qualifies you to teach it! Teaching a language requires “skills, competence, training and knowledge” (paragraph, 3). Going further in this issue, Al-Osaimi (2007) illustrates that some schools do not bother to recruit qualified English teachers, however, parents usually more impressed by where did teachers come from and the fact that their accent sounds more ‘American or British’ considered to be enough to convince them that they are the most suitable teachers to teach their children, regardless what they have of qualifications or experiences. Such criteria forced me to wonder why such thinking is dominant in the region.

America and its Politics play a major part in all of this. The American tenet that “the current educational systems in place in the Muslim world were partly responsible for motivating the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the pentagon. In June 2002” (Karmani, 2005:p.262), thus in order to change their attitude towards the western and the American culture, a new concept should be replaced with what is described as a “combination of intolerance, ignorance, anti-Semitic, anti-American, and anti-Western views” (Karmani, 2005: p.262) by using native speaker teachers as means to apply this project.  By importing native speaker teachers of English from what Kachru calls “inner circle countries” (Kachru & Nelson, 1996: p. 78) with westerns’ beliefs and values, a new Americanized generation would be the total outcome. In simple words, educational or mind colonialism and “linguistics imperialism” (Phillipson, 2006: p.346) are the main goals in such invasion of native speaker teachers at the Middle East region.

Searching for its alleged security:

Handley (2004) mentions that in the late 1700s, America was surrounded by great European superpowers, thus America was “economically and militarily disadvantaged” (Hadley, 2004). Therefore, to build a strong and superpower nation, America must expand its borders by negotiation or war. The American citizens had been convinced that the world and America’s national security always in danger, so in order to protect the world and America, any country that threats us should be attacked. Furthermore, “lack of expansion implies the possibility of defeat” thus, “American insecurity was an important factor in the invasions of Hawaii, Puerto Rico and the Philippines” (Hadley, 2004) in the past. Other form of such American fears is the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) which was a proposal by the American president Roland Reagan in March 23, 1983. The main goal of this proposal as what Wikipedia illustrates is “to use ground and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles”. This proposal carried the popular name “Star Wars” in 1977 after movie by George Lucas. According to Handley, the Star Wars program is an expansion of America’s continued need searching for its national safety “by now expanding its borders into outer space” (Handley, 2004 cited Mauk and Oakland, 154), moreover, the recent invasions on Iraq and Afghanistan interpreted by a large number of American citizens is they had been convinced that America’s national security was threatened. Thus, in order to assure that no one threats America’s security in the future, a new ways of domination and controlling should take place in areas such as Eastern Asia, Africa and the Middle East not only military, but also as media and academic occupation.

The role of Media in the Middle East:

No one can deny the strong role played by Media in any place in the world. America tries to impose its policies and its ideologies in the Middle East whether by using force or not. In order to dominate the region, the American beliefs should be promoted in the area. Phillipson (2006) argues that the development of communications networks has a basic relationship to the emergence of the new world order. He illustrates that “communication organizes the movement by multiplying and structuring interconnections through networks” (p. 352). Thus, in order to dominate a particular country and its culture, you must control its media and what is being showed to the people inside their homes.  A controversially television network channels like MBC group (Middle East Broadcasting Center) and Alhurra (means the ‘free one’ in Arabic) had emerged in the Middle East and dedicate the lion’s share in Middle Easterners’ minds and homes. Such channels can be seen by some people as mediums to spread the American’s plans and principles in the region using another means beside tanks and rockets. Alhurra is a commercial-free Arabic language satellite television network for the Middle East operated and funded by the United States of America. This channel is financed by the American people using their taxes through the Broadcasting Board of Governors and the U.S. Congress. Many Arab political critics argue that this channel lunched to change the views of Arabs and Muslims around the world towards the west and America by showing football games, explaining the acetic dimensions of baseball and airing documentaries about the ‘fence’ in Palestine, along with doses of fashion. Alhurra in its official web site claims that:

“We are devoted primarily to news and information. In addition to reporting on regional and international events, the channel broadcasts discussion programs, current affairs magazines and features on a variety of subjects including health and personal fitness, entertainment, sports, fashion, and science and technology” (Alhurra official web site).

Give me a break! In order to facilitate TESOLers’ jobs who came from inner circle countries, an anesthetization of Middle Easterners’ hearts and minds must be done so people can accept these teachers with a positive attitude and a wide smile on their faces. People in the Middle East must be convinced that they are not proficient enough to teach English, thus teachers their first language is English must take over and teach English for your child’s own benefit. According to Phillipson (2006) media is not only organize production on a new scale and force a new structure sufficient to global space, but also make its justification inherent power, as it “produces, organizes, as it organizes, it speaks and expresses it self as authority” (p. 352). Why I would pay my good money to fund an Arabic channel such as Alhurra when I cannot earn money from it. Alhurra in its web site mentions that “Alhurra is operated by non-profit corporation, The Middle East Broadcasting Networks, Inc. (MBN)” (Alhurra official web site). The Arabic satellite dish contains more than 300 free entertainment channels which can be accessed by Arabs from any place in the Middle East with more than 6 news channels such as Al-jazeera, CNN and BBC. Therefore, the purpose of such channels is that the American government can trade its citizen’s money with its future security by dominating and directing Arab youths’ minds and beliefs toward its own interest, by providing ‘a purely American Arabic speaker’ channel. The other case is MBC group channels which “started in London as the first satellite, free-to-air multi-channel media group of its kind in the Arab world” (MBC official web site). Al-Arabiya (means the ‘Arabian channel’ in Arabic) which is one channel from the MBC 6 free channels specialized with news and press. The reason behind the emergence of such channel has been declared by the people work there is to have a democratic channel which fights Aljazeera’s thoughts (an Arabic news channel) and its anti-democratic trends. Since Al-jazeera has been described by many Westerner politicians as anti-American bias, thus we need a channel against any anti-American thoughts in the Middle East region. According to Ryan (2005) Donald Rumsfeld has accused the station of persuading people that the US is an occupying force in Iraq, which he describes as a lie! On the contrary, the expansion into Iraq was to “brought freedom, economic growth, education and democracy to people who have suffered under years of oppression and mismanagement” (Hadley, 2004 quoted Assistance for Iraq). As a result, America is trying to Americanize the Arabic society the same way as she Americanized the Japanese society after the World War ll. Therefore, the road will be paved for native English teachers when they come to teach the ‘Western values’.

The world of TESOL and the native speaker teacher of English:

To impose the American ideologies in the Middle East, America promoted very well the teaching job for the native speaker teachers of English by promising them with “ good salaries and an exotic overseas adventure” (Hadley, 2004). According to Hadley many scholars such as Troike and Crystal have linked the expansion of TESOL to the expansion of former British and present American empire. Furthermore, native English teachers serve as “part of the educational aid packages exported to countries throughout South America, South East Asia, Africa and the Middle East” (Hadley, 2004) who work as colonial administrators. Handley in his paper cited Edge’s view that EFL teachers have become an academic army that satisfies intellectual conflict and occupies the linguistic dominions of an Anglophonic empire:

“…it is now possible to see us, EFL teachers, as a second wave of imperial troopers. Before the armoured divisions have withdrawn from the city limits, while the solders are still patrolling the streets, English teachers will be facilitating the policies that the tanks were sent to impose. And whether, and to whomsoever, I teach EFL, I am part of that overarching system” (Hadley, 2004 quoted from Edge, 10)

 Karmani (2005) argues that an extraordinary pressure has been put on Muslim governments to reform their educational curricula.  A very interesting article by Glasser (2003) who works for the Washington Post illustrates that many Arabic Gulf countries reshape their schools and put English over Islam, so in order to make way for more hours of English, classes in Islamic studies and Arabic are being reduced. A new stuff of native English speaker teachers has been brought into the schools of United Arab Emirates to teach the students from early ages. What is interesting is that the native speaker teachers are brought from inner countries as experts who do not need any preparing or training. They are who design the textbooks, monitoring the non-native speaker teachers and deciding who should stay and who should not stay in the school. However, American policies had succeeded in this country. Almost every non-native speaker teacher convinced that the native speaker teachers are better than non-native speaker teachers in English and this system is the best to teach the students this language even if they do not have the required qualifications, because English is their first language. This persuasion created negative outcomes with less positive results. In such schools a world full of racial discrimination in job opportunity, payment and respect has emerged. Non-native speaker teacher is no longer trusted by parents and his or her students. The native speaker teacher’s salary must be double than the non-native speaker teacher as one condition to import these teachers. Moreover, they must be provided with luxury accommodations, free transportations and first class annual flight tickets to their mother land. Of course, these conditions had been set by the American government to ensure that their citizens are treated well. Such conditions are imposed against governments’ wish in the Middle East region. What is ironic is that even if you have an American passport or you are a citizen from inner countries and you were not white or you were originally from Arabic country, you may not have these facilities! In some cases your contract might be cancelled even after you have signed the contract if your original identity has been discovered.

Conclusion:

In order to achieve the maximum domination on the Middle East and to make sure that no anti-American bases are exist in the region. Moreover, to insure that what happened in September 11, 2001 is not going to happen again, an American political equation must be applied, first, using the tank to impose the power. Second, programming youth’s minds and their views on what America ‘believes in’ is right. Third, teach the child what is against America is against you in the classrooms. It is not a coincidence that the emergence of (Al-Ghad) schools was after only one year from the dramatic events of September 11, 2001. It is not a coincidence that the reform of the educational curricula implemented after September 11, 2001. It is not also a coincidence that, channels like Alhurra and Al-Arabiya had been lunched after what happened in September 11 in 2001 which they are now based in Dubai, in United Arab Emirates. However, no one can disagree that Middle East countries need skilled and experienced workers and teachers from developed countries such as America, and Britain, but a direct supervising to those employees must be done by Middle Eastern countries that brought those experts and pay their salaries from their money for a preset goal. According to Fields (2005) who is a native speaker teacher of English works in Abu-Dhabi, UAE, teachers should be hired based on their qualifications to work in an atmosphere of fairness and respect, free from fear of discriminatory treatment or arbitrary dismissal because of their ethnicity, whether they were native or non-native speaker teachers of English.

————————————————————————————————————-

Reference:

Alhurra, 2005, ‘About us’. Available from: http://www.alhurra.com/sub.aspx?id=266 [Accessed 12 Jun 2008]

Al-Osaimi, N., 2007. English Teachers Not Always Qualified [online]. Arab News. Available from:http://www.arabnews.com/?page=1§ion=0&article=104142&d=30&m=11&y=2007. [Accessed 17 May 2008]

Al-Segair, K., 2007. Only Native Speakers as English Teachers! [online]. Arab News. Available from:

http://www.arabnews.com/?page=13§ion=0&article=101526&d=22&m=9&y=2007. [Accessed 17 May 2008]

Boyle, J., 1997. ‘Native-speaker teachers of English in Hong Kong’. Language and Education vol. 11, No.3

Braine, G., 1999, Introduction, in G. Braine (Ed), Non-Native Educators in

English Language Teaching, Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum,

pp.xiii-xx

Canagarajah, A. S., 1999, Interrogating the “Native Speaker” Fallacy:

Non-Linguistic Roots, Non-Pedagogical Results, in G. Braine (Ed), Non-Native

Educators in English Language Teaching, Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence

Erlbaum, pp.77-92

Fields, M., 2005. If students can learn who is the better teacher, why can’t employers? [online]. Guardian Weekly. Available from:

http://www.guardian.co.uk/If students can learn who is the better teacher, why can’t employers  TEFL  EducationGuardian_co_uk.mht. [Accessed 16 May 2008]

Glasser, B., 2003. Qatar reshapes its schools, putting English over Islam [online]. Washington Post Foreign Services. Available from:

http://www.english.education.gov.qa/files/886_WPOST.pdf. [Accessed 16 May 2008]

Hadley, G., 2004, ‘ELT and the New World Order: Nation Building or New Reconstruction?’, in TESOL Islamia, Niigata University of International and Information Studies. Available from: http:/tesolislamia.org/articles.html [Aaccessed 11 Jun 2008]

Kachru, B., & Nelson, C., 1996, ‘World Englishes’, in S McKay & N

Hornberger (eds), Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 71-102

Karmani, S., 2005, English, ‘Terror’, and Islam. Applied linguistics 26(2) 262-267

MBC group, 2008, ‘About MBC group’. Available from: http://www.mbc.net/about-mbc-en/ [Accessed 12 Jun 2008]

McNeill, A., 1994. ‘Some characteristics of Native and non-Native speaker teachers of English’. International language in Education conference.

Pennycook, A., 2001, Critical Applied Linguistics: A Critical Introduction,

Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum

Phillipson, R., 2006, Language Policy and Linguistic Imperialism, in T. Ricento (Ed.), An Introduction to Language Policy: Theory and Method, Oxford: Blackwell, pp.246-361

Ryan, P., 2005, ‘Middle East ‘Media War’, Middle East window. Available from: http://middleeastwindow.com/node/975 [Accessed 12 Jun 2008]

Schiitz. R., 2007. ‘Stephen Krashen’s Theory of Second Language Acquisition’. Available from:

http://www.sk.com.br/sk-krash.html. [Accessed 19 May 2008]