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Escolas on-line pode fornecer a solução para muitos dos problemas enfrentados por alunos maduros. Com mais e mais pessoas descobrindo que precisam qualificações extras para avançar no mercado de trabalho, os alunos maduros são frequentemente confrontados com um dilema: como obter as cobiçadas formação superior, enquanto os compromissos de trabalho malabarismo familiares e financeiros. Ao estudar através de escolas on-line, os alunos são capazes de manter seu atual padrão de vida, enquanto trabalhava para uma vida melhor.

Só para se ter uma idéia, há muitas boas razões para você considerar ganhar seu grau em linha, incluindo:

- Você pode estudar quando quiser e em seu próprio ritmo
- Você pode manter seu trabalho existente, enquanto você estudar
- Você não tem que deixar sua família e viver em um campus
- Você tem volta do relógio acesso às instalações de muitos de sua faculdade
- Através de sua conexão Internet
- Programas de grau em linha em geral custam menos

Allthough resido no Texas, eu sei que uma boa lista de escolas on-line estão disponíveis no Texas. Mas há outra lista muitas das escolas onlilne em todo o país que oferecem cursos em todas as disciplinas e área de especialidade. Seja qual for sua área de interesse, você será capaz de encontrar um programa que irá atender as suas necessidades e dar-lhe a educação e treinamento que você está procurando.

Mas porque há tanta informação e opções disponíveis em universidades on-line, mas às vezes pode ser difícil escolher quais as universidades on-line para registrar o seu programa de grau?

Portanto, se você decidir para ganhar seu grau em linha, que é a melhor universidade online para você? Eu posso honestamente dizer que a educação on-line tem o seu risco, mas um programa bem gerido requer uma grande dose de auto-motivação e disciplina. Eu tenho um diploma de faculdade e ter tido aulas tanto em sala de aula e à distância.

Então, qual lista de escolas on-line que você está interessado? Você sabe? Você já descobriu que a escola oline direito acreditado? Se não, deixe-me apresentar-lhe uma pequena lista de escolas on-line para obter as coisas começaram em sua busca:

1) Universidade de Phoenix - A bem reconhecida e boa reputação da universidade online. Os empregadores sempre considerar os alunos que saem da Universidade de Phoenix Online como preparados para o mercado de trabalho e, como resultado, um grau da Universidade de Phoenix Online, mais do que qualquer outra universidade on-line, confere liquidez.

2) DeVry University - Uma das universidades mais antigas e amplamente reconhecida online. DeVry é uma escola credenciada oferecendo estudos nas áreas de negócios, tecnologia tecnologia em saúde e gestão. DeVry fornece assistência na colocação de trabalho e muitas empresas ativamente de contratar DeVry.

Outra boa reputação e uma lista bem conhecida de escolas on-line incluem:

- Everest College
- Kaplan University
- Concord Law School
- Colégio Berkerly
- Universidade do Sul
- Keiser University
- Online eCampus
- National American University
- Universidade Tecnológica Nacional
- Penn Foster Carreira Escola
- Penn Foster Colégio
- Penn Foster da High School

Há mais lista de muitas das escolas on-line na rede, você apenas tem que fazer uma pesquisa minuciosa para encontrar o caminho certo em sua cidade natal. Solicitar informações grau em linha livre da faculdade de que muitas dessas escolas que for preciso para tomar a decisão certa para você.

Tenha em mente que cada universidade online bom tem seus prós e contras contra os seus concorrentes. Para maximizar o investimento em sua educação, você deve escolher a melhor lista de escolas on-line que atende seus objetivos de carreira.

História

Main article: History of the Central African Republic

Pré-história

Between about 1000 BC and 1000 AD, Adamawa-Eastern-speaking peoples spread eastward from Cameroon to Sudan and settled in most of the territory of the CAR. During the same period, a much smaller number of Bantu-speaking immigrants settled in Southwestern CAR and some Central Sudanic-speaking populations settled along the Oubangi.

The majority of the CAR's inhabitants thus speak Adamawa-Eastern languages or Bantu languages belonging to the Niger-Congo family. A minority speak Central Sudanic languages of the Nilo-Saharan family. More recent immigrants include many Muslim merchants who most often speak Arabic or Hausa.

Exposure to the outside world

Until the early 1800s, the peoples of the CAR lived beyond the expanding Islamic frontier in the Sudanic zone of Africa and thus had relatively little contact with Abrahamic religions or northern economies. During the first decades of the nineteenth century, however, Muslim traders began increasingly to penetrate the region of the CAR and to cultivate special relations with local leaders in order to facilitate their trade and settlement in the region.

The initial arrival of Muslim traders in the early 1800s was relatively peaceful and depended upon the support of local peoples, but after about 1850, slave traders with well-armed soldiers began to penetrate the region. Between c. 1860 and 1910, slave traders from Sudan, Chad, Cameroon, Dar al-Kuti in Northern CAR and Nzakara and Zande states in Southeastern CAR exported much of the population of Eastern CAR, a region with very few inhabitants today.

French colonialism

Main article: Ubangi-Shari

Oubangui-Chari in 1910

European penetration of Central African territory began in the late nineteenth century during the so-called Scramble for Africa (c. 18751900). Count Savorgnan de Brazza took the lead in establishing the French Congo with headquarters in the city named after him, Brazzaville, and sent expeditions up the Ubangi River in an effort to expand France's claims to territory in Central Africa. King Leopold II of Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom also competed to establish their claims to territory in the Central African region.

In 1889 the French established a post on the Ubangi River at Bangui, the future capital of Ubangi-Shari and the CAR. De Brazza then sent expeditions in 189091 up the Sangha River in what is now Southwestern CAR, up the center of the Ubangi basin toward Lake Chad, and eastward along the Ubangi River toward the Nile. De Brazza and the procolonial in France wished to expand the borders of the French Congo to link up with French territories in West Africa, North Africa and East Africa.

In 1894, the French Congo's borders with Leopold II's Congo Free State and German Cameroon were fixed by diplomatic agreements. Then, in 1899, the French Congo's border with Sudan was fixed along the Congo-Nile watershed, leaving France without her much coveted outlet on the Nile and turning Southeastern Ubangi-Shari into a cul-de-sac.

Once European negotiators agreed upon the borders of the French Congo, France had to decide how to pay for the costly occupation, administration, and development of the territory. The reported financial successes of Leopold II's concessionary companies in the Congo Free State convinced the French government in 1899 to grant 17 private companies large concessions in the Ubangi-Shari region. In return for the right to exploit these lands by buying local products and selling European goods, the companies promised to pay rent to the colonial state and to promote the development of their concessions. The companies employed European and African agents who frequently used extremely brutal and atrocious methods to force Central Africans to work for them. At the same time, the French colonial administration began to force Central Africans to pay taxes and to provide the state with free labor. The companies and French administration often collaborated in their efforts to force Central Africans to work for their benefit, but they also often found themselves at odds.

Some French officials reported abuses committed by private company militias and even by their own colonial colleagues and troops, but efforts to bring these criminals to justice almost always failed. When news of atrocities committed against Central Africans by concessionary company employees and colonial officials or troops reached France and caused an outcry, there were investigations and some feeble attempts at reform, but the situation on the ground in Ubangi-Shari remained essentially the same.

Stamp from 1924

In the meantime, during the first decade of French colonial rule (c. 19001910), the rulers of African states in the Ubangi-Shari region increased their slave raiding activities and also their sale of local products to European companies and the colonial state. They took advantage of their treaties with the French to procure more weapons which were used to capture more slaves and so much of the eastern half of Ubangi-Shari was depopulated as a result of the export of Central Africans by local rulers during the first decade of colonial rule. Those who had power, Africans and Europeans, often made life miserable for those who did not have the power to resist.

During the second decade of colonial rule (c. 19101920), armed employees of private companies and the colonial state continued to use brutal methods to deal with local populations who resisted forced labor but the power of local African rulers was destroyed and so slave raiding was greatly diminished. In 1911, the Sangha and Lobaye basins were ceded to Germany as part of an agreement which gave France a free-hand in Morocco and so Western Ubangi-Shari came under German rule until World War I, during which France reconquered this territory by using Central African troops.

The third decade of colonial rule (19201930) was a period of transition during which a network of roads was built, cash crops were promoted, mobile health services were formed to combat sleeping sickness, and Protestant missions established stations in different parts of the country. New forms of forced labor were also introduced, however, as the French conscripted large numbers of Ubangians to work on the Congo-Ocean Railway and many of these recruits died of exhaustion and illness.

In 1925 the French writer Andr Gide published Voyage au Congo in which he described the alarming consequences of conscription for the Congo-Ocean railroad and exposed the continuing atrocities committed against Central Africans in Western Ubangi-Shari by employees of the Forestry Company of Sangha-Ubangi, for example. In 1928 a major insurrection, the Kongo-Wara 'war of the hoe handle' broke out in Western Ubangi-Shari and continued for several years. The extent of this insurrection, perhaps the largest anticolonial rebellion in Africa during the interwar years, was carefully hidden from the French public because it provided evidence, once again, of strong opposition to French colonial rule and forced labor.

During the fourth decade of colonial rule (c. 19301940), cotton, tea, and coffee emerged as important cash crops in Ubangi-Shari and the mining of diamonds and gold began in earnest. Several cotton companies were granted purchasing monopolies over large areas of cotton production and were thus able to fix the prices paid to cultivators in order to assure profits for their shareholders. Europeans established coffee plantations and Central Africans also began to cultivate coffee.

The fifth decade of colonial rule (c. 19401950) was shaped by the Second World War and the political reforms which followed in its wake. In September 1940 pro-Gaullist French officers took control of Ubangi-Shari.

Independência

On 1 December 1958 the colony of Ubangi-Shari became an autonomous territory within the French Community and took the name Central African Republic. The founding father and president of the Conseil de Gouvernement, Barthlmy Boganda, died in a mysterious plane accident in 1959, just eight days before the last elections of the colonial era. On 13 August 1960 the Central African Republic gained its independence and two of Boganda's closest aides, Abel Goumba and David Dacko, became involved in a power struggle. With the backing of the French, Dacko took power and soon had Goumba arrested. By 1962 President Dacko had established a one-party state.

On 31 December 1965 Dacko was overthrown in the Saint-Sylvestre coup d'tat by Colonel Jean-Bdel Bokassa, who suspended the constitution and dissolved the National Assembly. President Bokassa declared himself President for life in 1972, and named himself Emperor Bokassa I of the Central African Empire on 4 December 1976. A year later, Emperor Bokassa crowned himself in a lavish and expensive ceremony that was ridiculed by much of the world. In 1979 France carried out a coup against Bokassa and “restored” Dacko to power. Dacko, in turn, was overthrown in a coup by General Andr Kolingba on 1 September 1981.

Kolingba suspended the constitution and ruled with a military junta until 1985. He introduced a new constitution in 1986 which was adopted by a nationwide referendum. Membership in his new party, the Rassemblement Dmocratique Centrafricain (RDC) was voluntary. In 1987, semi-competitive elections to parliament were held and municipal elections were held in 1988. Kolingba's two major political opponents, Abel Goumba and Ange-Flix Patass, boycotted these elections because their parties were not allowed to compete.

By 1990, after the fall of the Berlin Wall, a pro-democracy movement became very active. In May 1990 a letter signed by 253 prominent citizens asked for the convocation of a National Conference but Kolingba refused this request and detained several opponents. Pressure from the United States, more reluctantly from France, and from a group of locally represented countries and agencies called GIBAFOR (France, USA, Germany, Japan, EU, World Bank and UN) finally led Kolingba to agree, in principle, to hold free elections in October 1992, with help from the UN Office of Electoral Affairs. After using the excuse of alleged irregularities to suspend the results of the elections as a pretext for holding on to power, President Kolingba came under intense pressure from GIBAFOR to establish a “Conseil National Politique Provisoire de la Rpublique” (Provisional National Political Council) (CNPPR) and to set up a “Mixed Electoral Commission” which included representatives from all political parties.

When elections were finally held in 1993, again with the help of the international community, Ange-Flix Patass came in first in the first round and Kolingba came in fourth after Abel Goumba and David Dacko. In the second round, Patass won 53 percent of the vote while Goumba won 45.6 percent. Most of Patass's support came from Gbaya, Kare and Kaba voters in seven heavily populated prefectures in the northwest while Goumba's support came largely from ten less-populated prefectures in the south and east. Furthermore, Patass's party, the Mouvement pour la Libration du Peuple Centrafricain (MLPC) or Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People gained a simple but not an absolute majority of seats in parliament, which meant Patass needed coalition partners.

Patass relieved former President Kolingba of his military rank of general in March 1994 and then charged several former ministers with various crimes. Patass also removed many Yakoma from important, lucrative posts in the government. Two hundred mostly Yakoma members of the presidential guard were also dismissed or reassigned to the army. Kolingba's RDC loudly proclaimed that Patass's government was conducting a “witch hunt” against the Yakoma.

A new constitution was approved on 28 December 1994 and promulgated on 14 January 1995, but this constitution, like those before it, did not have much impact on the practice of politics. In 19961997, reflecting steadily decreasing public confidence in its erratic behaviour, three mutinies against Patass's government were accompanied by widespread destruction of property and heightened ethnic tension. On 25 January 1997, the Bangui Peace Accords were signed which provided for the deployment of an inter-African military mission, the Mission Interafricaine de Surveillance des Accords de Bangui (MISAB). Mali's former president, Amadou Tour, served as chief mediator and brokered the entry of ex-mutineers into the government on 7 April 1997. The MISAB mission was later replaced by a UN peacekeeping force, the Mission des Nations Unies en RCA (MINURCA).

In 1998 parliamentary elections resulted in Kolingba' RDC winning 20 out of 109 seats, which constituted a comeback, but in 1999, notwithstanding widespread public anger in urban centers with his corrupt rule, Patass won free elections to become president for a second term. On 28 May 2001 rebels stormed strategic buildings in Bangui in an unsuccessful coup attempt. The army chief of staff, Abel Abrou, and General Francois N'Djadder Bedaya were shot, but Patass regained the upper hand by bringing in at least 300 troops of the rebel leader Jean-Pierre Bemba from over the river in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and by Libyan soldiers.

In the aftermath of this failed coup, militias loyal to Patass sought revenge against rebels in many neighborhoods of the capital, Bangui, that resulted in the destruction of many homes as well as the torture and murder of many opponents. Eventually Patass came to suspect that General Franois Boziz was involved in another coup attempt against him and so Boziz fled with loyal troops to Chad. In March 2003, Boziz launched a surprise attack against Patass, who was out of the country. Libyan troops and some 1,000 soldiers of Bemba's Congolese rebel organization failed to stop the rebels, who took control of the country and thus succeeded in overthrowing Patass.

Franois Boziz suspended the constitution and named a new cabinet which included most opposition parties. Abel Goumba, “Mr. Clean”, was named vice-president, which gave Boziz's new government a positive image. Boziz established a broad-based National Transition Council to draft a new constitution and announced that he would step down and run for office once the new constitution was approved. A national dialogue was held from 15 September to 27 October 2003, and Boziz won a fair election that excluded Patass, to be elected president on a second ballot, in May 2005.

Humanitarian situation, peacebuilding, and development

The Central African Republic is heavily dependent upon multilateral foreign aid and the presence of numerous NGOs which provide services which the government fails to provide. As one UNDP official put it, the CAR is a country “sous serum,” or a country metaphorically hooked up to an IV. (Mehler 2005:150). The very presence of numerous foreign personnel and organizations in the country, including peacekeepers and even refugee camps, provides an important source of revenue for many Central Africans.

The country is self-sufficient in food crops, but much of the population lives at a subsistence level. Livestock development is hindered by the presence of the tsetse fly.

In 2006 due to ongoing violence, over 50,000 in the country's north-west were at risk of starvation, and this was only averted thanks to United Nations support.[citation needed]

Peacebuilding Commission places Central African Republic on agenda On 12 June 2008, the Central African Republic became the fourth country to be placed on the agenda of the UN Peacebuilding Commission, which was set up in 2005 to help countries emerging from conflict avoid the slide back into war or chaos. The 31-member body agreed to take up the situation after a request from the government.

Peacebuilding Fund The Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon declared on 8 January 2008 that the Central African Republic was eligible to receive assistance from the Peacebuilding Fund. Three priority areas were identified: 1) Security sector reform 2) Promotion of good governance and the rule of law and 3) Revitalization of communities affected by conflicts.

Política

Main article: Politics of the Central African Republic

Franois Boziz is President of the country. A new constitution was approved by voters in a referendum held on December 5, 2004. Full multiparty presidential and parliamentary elections were held in March 2005, with a second round in May. Boziz was declared the winner after a run-off vote.

In February 2006, there were reports of widespread violence in the northern part of the CAR. Thousands of refugees fled their homes, caught in the crossfire of battles between government troops and rebel forces. More than 7,000 people fled to neighboring Chad. Those who remained in the CAR told of government troops systematically killing men and boys suspected of cooperating with rebels.

Prefectures and sub-prefectures

Prefeituras da República Centro-Africano

Main articles: Prefectures of the Central African Republic and Sub-prefectures of the Central African Republic

The Central African Republic is divided into 14 administrative prefectures (prfectures), along with 2 economic prefectures (prfectures economiques) and one autonomous commune. The prefectures are further divided into 71 sub-prefectures (sous-prfectures).

The prefectures include:

Bamingui-Bangoran

Basse-Kotto

Haute-Kotto

Haut-Mbomou

Kmo

Lobaye

Mambr-Kad

Mbomou

Nana-Mambr

Ombella-M'Poko

Ouaka

Ouham

Ouham-Pend

Vakaga

the two economic prefectures are Nana-Grbizi and Sangha-Mbar; the commune is Bangui.

Geografia

Main article: Geography of the Central African Republic

Satellite image of Central African Republic, generated from raster graphics data supplied by The Map Library

Map of the Central African Republic

Ubangi River on the outskirts of Bangui.

The Central African Republic is a land-locked nation within the interior of the African continent. It is bordered by the countries of Cameroon, Chad, Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo.

Much of the country consists of flat, or rolling plateau savanna, typically about 1,640 feet (500 m) above sea level, of which most of the northern half lies within the World Wildlife Fund's East Sudanian savanna ecoregion. In the northeast are the Fertit Hills, and there are scattered hills in southwest part of the country. To the northwest is the Yade Massif, a granite plateau with an altitude of 3,750 feet (1,143 m).

At 240,519 square miles (622,941 km2), the Central African Republic is the world's 42nd-largest country. It is comparable in size to the Ukraine, and is somewhat smaller than the US state of Texas.

Much of the southern border is formed by tributaries of the Congo River, with the Mbomou River in the east merging with the Uele River to form the Ubangi River. In the west, the Sangha River flows through part of the country. The eastern border lies along the edge of the Nile river watershed.

Estimates of the amount of the country covered by forest ranges up to 8%, with the densest parts in the south. The forest is highly diverse, and includes commercially important species of Ayous, Sapelli and Sipo. The deforestation rate is 0.4% per annum, and lumber poaching is commonplace.

The climate of the CAR is generally tropical. The northern areas are subject to harmattan winds, which are hot, dry, and carry dust. The northern regions have been subject to desertification, and the northeast is desert. The remainder of the country is prone to flooding from nearby rivers.

In the November 2008 issue of National Geographic, the Central African Republic was named the country least affected by light pollution.

Economia

Main article: Economy of the Central African Republic

A boy playing with a burnt kerosene lamp in the city of Birao, Central African Republic. The town was almost completely burnt down in March 2007 during fighting between rebels and government troops.

The economy of the CAR is dominated by the cultivation and sale of food crops such as cassava, peanuts, maize, sorghum, millet, sesame, plantain and sara[disambiguation needed]. The annual real GDP growth rate is just above 3%. The importance of foodcrops over exported cash crops is indicated by the fact that the total production of cassava, the staple food of most Central Africans, ranges between 200,000 and 300,000 tons a year, while the production of cotton, the principal exported cash crop, ranges from 25,000 to 45,000 tons a year. Foodcrops are not exported in large quantities but they still constitute the principal cash crops of the country because Central Africans derive far more income from the periodic sale of surplus foodcrops than from exported cash crops such as cotton or coffee.

The CAR's largest import partner is South Korea (20.2%), followed by France (13.6%) and Cameroon (7.7%), while its largest export partner is Japan (40.4%), followed by Belgium (9.8%) and China (8.2%).

Many rural and urban women also transform foodcrops into alcoholic drinks such as sorghum beer or hard liquor and derive considerable income from the sale of these drinks. Much of the income derived from the sale of foods and alcohol is not “on the books” and thus is not considered in calculating per capita income, which is one reason why official figures for per capita income are not accurate in the case of the CAR.

The per capita income of the CAR is often listed as being around $300 a year, said to be one of the lowest in the world, but this figure is based mostly on reported sales of exports and largely ignores the more important but unregistered sale of foods, locally produced alcohol, diamonds, ivory, bushmeat, and traditional medicine, for example. The informal economy of the CAR is more important than the formal economy for most Central Africans.

Diamonds constitute the most important export of the CAR, accounting for 4055% of export revenues, but an estimated 3050% of the diamonds produced each year leave the country clandestinely. Export trade is hindered by poor economic development, and the location of this country far from the coast.

The wilderness regions of this country have potential as ecotourist destinations. The country is noted for its population of forest elephants. In the southwest, the Dzanga-Sangha National Park is a rain forest area. To the north, the Manovo-Gounda St Floris National Park has been well-populated with wildlife, including leopards, lions, and rhinos. To the northeast the Bamingui-Bangoran National Park. However the population of wildlife in these parks has severely diminished over the past 20 years due to poaching, particularly from the neighboring Sudan.

The CAR is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA).

The CAR is ranked 180 out of 181 on 'ease of business' in the 2009 Doing Business Report of the World Bank Group. The 'ease of business' ranking uses a composite index on regulations that enhance business activity and those that constrain it.

Demografia

Main article: Demographics of the Central African Republic

A village in the Central African Republic

The population has almost quadrupled since independence. In 1960 the population was 1,232,000. Now the population is 4,422,000. (2009 UN est.) Note: estimates for this country take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected.

The United Nations estimates that approximately 11% of the population aged 15 49 is HIV positive. Only 3% of the country has antiretroviral therapy available, compared to 17% coverage in neighbouring countries of Chad and the Republic of the Congo.

The nation is divided into over 80 ethnic groups, each having its own language. The largest ethnic groups are the Baya 33%, Banda 27%, Mandjia 13%, Sara 10%, Mboum 7%, M'Baka 4%, and Yakoma 4%, with 2% others, including Europeans of mostly French descent.

Saúde

Main article: Health in the Central African Republic

Female life expectancy at birth was 48.2 and male life expectancy at birth was at 45.1 in 2007. The fertility rate is at about five births per woman. Government expenditure on health was at US$ 20 (PPP) per person in 2006. There were 8 physicians per 100,000 people in 2004. Government expenditure on health was at 10.9 % of total government expenditure in 2006.

Religião

Main article: Religion in the Central African Republic

Religion in the Central African Republic

religião

por cento

Cristão



50%

Indígena



35%

Islam



15%

Christians form 50 percent of the population, while 35 percent of the population maintain Indigenous beliefs, and Islam is practiced by approximately 15 percent of the country's population.

There are many missionary groups operating in the country, including Lutherans, Baptists, Catholics, Grace Brethren, and Jehovah's Witnesses. While these missionaries are predominantly from the United States, France, Italy, and Spain, many are also from Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and other African countries. Many missionaries left the country due to fighting between rebel and government forces in 2002 and 2003. Many have now returned to the country and resumed their activities.

Cultura

Música

Main article: Music of the Central African Republic

Educação

Main article: Education in the Central African Republic

Public education in the Central African Republic is free, and education is compulsory from ages 6 to 14. About half the adult population of the country is illiterate. The country has the University of Bangui.

Ver também

List of writers from the Central African Republic

Ver também

Africa portal

Main article: Outline of the Central African Republic

List of Central African Republic-related topics

Transport in the Central African Republic

Referências

^ Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009) (.PDF). World Population Prospects, Table A.1. 2008 revision. Das Nações Unidas. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf. Retrieved 2009-03-12.

^ abcd “Central African Republic”. Fundo Monetário Internacional. Retrieved 2009-10-01.

^ Which side of the road do they drive on? Brian Lucas. August 2005. Retrieved 2009-01-28

^ List of countries by Human Development Index

^ HS Foreign 24.4.2001 Did the Central African Republic surpass Finland in environmental affairs?

^ “Thousands could die of starvation, says United Nations spokesperson Maurizio Giuliano”. http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=58581.

^ http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2008/pbc39.doc.htm

^ http://www.unpbf.org/CAR.shtml

^ Reuters AlertNet CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: Polls results to be announced on 22 May, official says

^ BBC NEWS World | Africa | Country profiles | Timeline: Central African Republic

^ BBC NEWS Africa | Thousands flee new CAR 'rebels'

^ BBC NEWS Africa | Thousands flee from CAR violence

^ Sold Down the River (English) March 2001, Forests Monitor

^ The Forests of the Congo Basin: State of the Forest 2006. CARPE 13-Jul-07

^

^

^ OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa, http://www.ohada.com/index.php, retrieved 2009-03-22

^ http://www.doingbusiness.org/Documents/CountryProfiles/CAF.pdf

^ Countries

^ http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2006/2006_GR_ANN3_en.pdf

^ abcd http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_CAF.html

^ http://www.afro.who.int/home/countries/fact_sheets/car.pdf

^ the World Factbook

^ US Department of State

^ “Central African Republic”. Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor (2001). Bureau of International Labor Affairs, US Department of Labor (2002). ^ http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/car_statistics.html

Leitura complementar

Kalck, Pierre, Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic, 2004

Petringa, Maria, Brazza, A Life for Africa (2006) ISBN 978-1-4259-1198-0

Titley, Brian, Dark Age: The Political Odyssey of Emperor Bokassa, 2002

Ligações externas

Find more about Central African Republic on Wikipedia's sister projects:

Definitions from Wiktionary

Textbooks from Wikibooks

Quotations from Wikiquote

Source texts from Wikisource

Images and media from Commons

News stories from Wikinews

Learning resources from Wikiversity

Governo

Central African Republic Online

Chefe de Estado e membros do Gabinete

Visão Geral

Country Profile from BBC News

Central African Republic entry at The World Factbook

Central African Republic from UCB Libraries GovPubs

Central African Republic at the Open Directory Project

Wikimedia Atlas of the Central African Republic

Notícia

Humanitarian news and analysis from IRIN Central African Republic

Central African Republic news headline links from AllAfrica.com

(French) RCA Info

Cultural

Baka Pygmies Culture and music of the first inhabitants of the Central African Republic, with photos and ethnographic notes

Turismo

Central African Republic travel guide from Wikitravel

Outro

Central African Republic Pictures

location of Central African Republic on a 3D globe (Java)

Central African Republic at Humanitarian and Development Partnership Team (HDPT)

Central African Republic reports from Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers

Johann Hari in Birao, Central African Republic Inside France's Secret War from The Independent, October 5, 2007

v d e

Central African Republic topics

Política e governo

Coat of Arms Constitution Corruption Elections Flag Foreign relations Human rights (GLBT Women) Law enforcement Military Ministers National Assembly Political parties Politics President Prime Minister

História

Precolonial history Oubangui-Chari (part of French Equatorial Africa) Central African Empire Patass presidency Boziz coup

Geografia e meio ambiente

Cities Ecoregions National Parks Prefectures Rivers Sub-prefectures Wildlife

Economy and infrastructure

Agriculture Airports Banks Communications Companies Mining Tourism Trade unions Transport

Cultura e sociedade

Demographics Education Films Football (National team) Holidays Languages Literature Music Religion (Catholicism Islam)

Miscelânea

Personalities on stamps Public Holidays Scouting

See also: List of Central African Republic-related topics

v d e

Former French colonies in Africa and the Indian Ocean

Mahgreb

Algeria Morocco (Arguin Island) Tunisia

África Ocidental Francesa

Cte d'Ivoire Dahomey French Sudan Guinea Mauritania Niger Senegal Upper Volta



French Togoland James Island Albreda

África Equatorial Francesa

Chad Gabon Middle Congo Oubangui-Chari

Comores

Anjouan Grande Comore Mohli



French Somaliland (Djibouti) Madagascar Ile de France Seychelles



Geographic locale

v d e

Countries and territories of Africa

África Ocidental

Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Cte d'Ivoire The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo

Norte da África

Algeria Egypt Libya Mauritania Morocco Sudan Tunisia

África Central

Angola Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon Rwanda So Tom and Prncipe

África Oriental

Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Seychelles Somalia Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe

África do Sul

Botswana Lesotho Namibia South Africa Swaziland

States with

limited recognition

Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland

Partially in Africa

France (Runion) Italy (Pantelleria) Portugal (Madeira) Spain (Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / Plazas de soberana) Yemen (Socotra)

Dependências

Iles Eparses (France) Mayotte (France) Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)

Disputed areas

Saara Ocidental



Associação internacional

v d e

African Union (AU)

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Cte d'Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Equatorial Guinea Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic So Tom and Prncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe

v d e

Comunidade de Estados Sahel-Saharan

Benin Burkina Faso Central African Republic Chad Comoros Cte d'Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Eritrea The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Libya Mali Morocco Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Togo Tunisia

v d e

Member states and observers of the Francophonie

Membros

Albania Andorra Armenia Belgium (French Community) Benin Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada (New Brunswick Quebec) Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Cyprus1 Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Cte d'Ivoire Djibouti Dominica Egypt Equatorial Guinea France (French Guiana Guadeloupe Martinique St. Pierre and Miquelon) Gabon Ghana1 Greece Guinea Guinea-Bissau Haiti Laos Luxembourg Lebanon Macedonia2 Madagascar Mali Mauritania Mauritius Moldova Monaco Morocco Niger Romania Rwanda St. Lucia So Tom and Prncipe Senegal Seychelles Switzerland Togo Tunisia Vanuatu Vietnam

Observadores

Austria Croatia Czech Republic Georgia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Mozambique Poland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Thailand Ukraine

1 Associate member. 2 Provisionally referred to by the Francophonie as the “former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia”; see Macedonia naming dispute.

v d e

Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC)

Membros

Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Burkina Faso Brunei Cameroon Chad Comoros Cte d'Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kuwait Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Libya Maldives Malaysia Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Nigeria Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Turkey Tunisia Togo Turkmenistan Uganda Uzbekistan United Arab Emirates Yemen

Observadores

Países e territórios

Bosnia and Herzegovina Central African Republic Russia Thailand Northern Cyprus (as Turkish Cypriot State)

Comunidades muçulmanas

Moro Frente de Libertação Nacional

As organizações internacionais

Economic Cooperation Organization African Union Arab League Non-Aligned Movement United Nations



Línguas

v d e

Niger-Congo-speaking nations



Kordofanian

Sudão



Mande



Gâmbia

Guiné

Guiné-Bissau

Mali

Mauritânia

Senegal

Serra Leoa

Libéria

Costa do Marfim

Nigéria

Burkina Faso

Benin

Togo



Atlantic-Congo



Atlântico

Benin

Burkina Faso

Camarões

CAR

Ijoid

Nigéria

Chade

Costa do Marfim

Gâmbia

Guiné

Dogon

Mali

Guiné-Bissau

Libéria

Mali

Mauritânia

Níger

Senegal

Serra Leoa

Sudão

Togo



Volta-Congo



Senufo

Benin

Costa do Marfim

Mali

Gur

Benin

Burkina Faso

Costa do Marfim

Gana

Mali

Nigéria

Togo

Adamawa-Ubangi

Camarões

CAR

Chade

Nigéria

Kru

Burkina Faso

Costa do Marfim

Libéria

Kwa

Benin

Costa do Marfim

Gana

Nigéria

Togo



Benue-Congo



Bantu

Angola

Botswana

Burundi

Camarões

RDC

Yoruba and Igbo

Nigéria

Rep. Dem. do Congo

Guiné Equatorial

Gabão

Quênia

Lesoto

Nigéria

Malavi

Moçambique

Namíbia

Ruanda

África do Sul

Suazilândia

Tanzânia

Uganda

Zâmbia

Zimbábue

CAR = Central African Republic DRC = Democratic Republic of the Congo

Categories: Central African Republic | African countries | African Union member states | Least Developed Countries | French-speaking countries | Landlocked countries | Member states of La Francophonie | States and territories established in 1960Hidden categories: Wikipedia pages move-protected due to vandalism | Articles containing French language text | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from December 2007 | Articles with links needing disambiguation

An H-1B temporary worker is a foreign national who is coming temporarily to the US to perform a specialty occupation. A specialty occupation is defined as “an occupation that requires (A) theoretical and practical application of a body of highly specialized knowledge, and (B) attainment of a bachelor's or higher degree in the specific specialty as a minimum for entry into the occupation in the United States.” [INA214(i); 8USC 1184(i)]

For example accountants, architects, teachers (primary and secondary, excluding nursery school teachers), university professors, certain types of nurses, attorneys, physicians, designers, and engineers will all qualify as H-1B workers. The only way to make a determination whether a particular worker will qualify is through advice from an experienced immigration attorney.

The H-1B visa remains one of most versatile nonimmigrant employment visas utilized by US businesses to hire foreign workers. Here is a list of issues to keep in mind when filing an H-1B petition.

Limitation on Duration of Stay and Full-Time/Part-Time Employment

An employer may request initial employment a maximum of 3 years. The H-1B can be extended. Generally, the maximum amount of time that an individual can hold H-1B visa status is 6 years. However, exceptions do exist that allow an H-1B extension beyond the initial 6 years. An employer may petition for a foreign worker for either full-time or part-time employment.

Prevailing Wage

The prevailing wage element requires employers to demonstrate that the wage offered will not discriminate against US workers by offering wages that are lower than the actual wage paid similar workers. Generally prevailing wage requirement is met by offering wages as determined submitting a Prevailing Wage Request to the State Workforce or demonstrating that a union contract is in force. The H-1B laws require employers to pay the higher of the actual wage or the prevailing wage.

The Labor Condition Application (LCA)

The LCA is an application by the employer to the Department of Labor attesting to certain conditions of the position offered. These conditions are:

· That the higher of actual or prevailing wage will be paid;

· That the employee is eligible for the same benefits as other similarly employed US workers;

· That the employee is not being employed because US workers are out on strike or lockout;

· That the employment of the foreign worker will not adversely affect the working conditions of other workers; and

· That proper notification was given to US employees or the union representative if the position is union position university's intent to hire an H-1B non-immigrant.

The LCA must be made available for Department of Labor (DOL) and for public inspection. The LCA may be obtained online at www.lca.doleta.gov .

Spouse or Children of an H-1B

Spouses and children of an H-1B are eligible for H-4 visas. An H-4 is either a spouse or unmarried children under 21 years old. H-4 holders cannot work in the US but are eligible to attend school either part time or full-time. To prove the relationship to the H-1B an H-4 candidate will need to present a marriage certificate if a spouse and a birth certificate if a child.

Ok, when do I file?

The United States Citizenship and Immigration Service (USCIS) will accept H-1B petitions for fiscal year 2010 on April 1, 2009 for jobs starting on October 1, 2009. It is important to file April 1, 2009 since H-1B visas are capped at 65,000 per year and the last two years the cap was met within one week. As such, early document preparation is essential to making timely filed H-1B petitions.

I'm Ready to File … Where?

A petition is filed with either California Service Center or Vermont Service Center depending on where the temporary employment will be The California Service Center is appropriate for employment in the following states: Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Guam, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, or Wyoming.

A petition is filed with the Vermont Service Center if the temporary work will be performed in: Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, US Virgin Islands, or West Virginia.

When the temporary employment will be in different states, the state where your company is located will determine the Service Center for submission of the petition. For example, if the beneficiary will work in Arizona and Texas, and your company is located in California, file your H-1B petition with the California Service Center.

Sounds Great … How Much is this Going to Set me Back?

A partir do momento em que este artigo for publicado, o empregador deve pagar para o formulário de H-1B-I-129 taxa de depósito ($ 320), H-1B Taxa de Formação de tanto $ 750 ou $ 1500, dependendo do tamanho da sua empresa, e Prevenção de Fraudes e Taxa de Detecção ($ 500). Todos os empregadores devem pagar estas taxas, a menos que o empregador beneficia da isenção da Taxa de Formação H-1B.

Se uma empresa emprega atualmente 1-25 empregados em tempo integral equivalentes, a Taxa de Formação H-1B é de R $ 750. Empresas que empregam mais de 25 empregados em tempo integral equivalentes terá que pagar US $ 1500. O empregador deve pagar a Taxa de Formação H-1B sobre a contratação inicial ea extensão H-1B, antes de o mesmo funcionário. A Taxa de Formação H-1B não é necessário para petições segunda ou subseqüente para H-1B extensão. A prevenção da fraude e taxa de detecção deve ser paga quando o empregador inicialmente contrata o empregado, mesmo que ele ou ela está atualmente trabalhando como um H-1B com outro empregador.

Uma maneira simples de lembrar disso é que todo o empregador precisa pagar a taxa de Treinamento H-1B duas vezes para cada empregado H-1B e Prevenção de Fraudes H-1B e Detecção de taxa deve ser paga uma vez para cada empregado H-1B. As taxas são sujeitas a alterações por isso é importante certificar-se das taxas devidas antes do arquivamento.

Procedimento de arquivamento

Os documentos são arquivados com o centro de serviço USCIS com jurisdição sobre o peticionário (ver locais de arquivamento acima). O peticionário deverá enviar o Formulário I-129, os formulários I-129 de suplemento, um aplicativo aprovado Condição de Trabalho, documento de suporte sobre o negócio do peticionário, e documentos que comprovem as qualificações do candidato. Se houver dependentes / s, em seguida, o formulário I-539 necessidade de ser apresentado juntamente com a prova de relação com o H-1B, ou seja, certidão de casamento ou certidão de nascimento ou de ambos. Apenas um I-539 é obrigado a ser apresentado como filhos estão listadas na aplicação. O formulário I-539 taxa de depósito é de R $ 300.

Tudo é grande em Texas, mas parece que o resto dos Estados Unidos tem mais do que sua parte de algumas coisas maiores do mundo. Texas se tem hidrante a maior do mundo fogo em Beaumont; níquel de madeira em San Antonio; chaleira em Galveston; ferradura em Marfa, chapéu de cowboy, em Paris, e, claro, o maior hambúrguer do mundo servido em Charlie Brown em Carrolton.

A Califórnia é outro estado grande cheia de coisas grandes, como o maior sapato do mundo e Pez dispenser, tanto em Bakersfield, jogo de xadrez em Morro Bay, martelo em Eureka; violino em Fiddletown; alcachofra em Castroville; copo de papel em Riverside, eo muito patriota bandeira dos EUA, em Long Beach.

Algumas das maiores coisas do mundo podem ser encontrados em todo os Estados Unidos. Aqui está uma pequena lista.

- Cadeira Adirondack: Westminster, Maryland

- Cesta Apple: Frazeysburg, Ohio

- Batata assada: Blackfoot, Idaho

- Bola de elásticos: Wilmington, Delaware

- Bastão de beisebol: Louisville, Kentucky

- Basquetebol: Knoxville, Tennessee

- Relógio: Clarksville, Indiana

- Conch Shell: Panama City Beach, Florida

- Parque dos Dinossauros: Beaver, Arkansas

- Donut: Yokumtown, Pennsylvania

- Orelha de Milho: Olivia, Minnesota

- Oito bola: Tipton, Missouri

- Globo: Yarmouth, Maine

- Golf Ball: Fripp Island, South Carolina

- Guitarra: Bristol, Tennessee

- Bastão de Hóquei: Real Eveleth, Minnesota

Nem todos os maiores do mundo as coisas nos Estados Unidos são apenas curiosidades. Por exemplo, gerador de maior do mundo vento tem duas lâminas de 400 pés, é de 20 andares e está localizado na ilha havaiana de Oahu. Walmart de Bentonville, Arkansas é a maior varejista do mundo. E há muito mais: Post O maior do mundo Legião Americana é em Lincoln, Nebraska, o maior carrossel do mundo está no verde da Primavera. Wisconsin; montanha do mundo, o maior porta-aviões é em Grand Mesa, Colorado, o maior drive-in do mundo fast-food é o time do colégio em Atlanta, Georgia; maior biblioteca pública do mundo é o Harold Washington Library em Chicago, Illinois, a maior do mundo prédio comercial é o Merchandise Mart também em Chicago, e maior cervejaria do mundo é Anheuser Busch em St. Louis, Missouri.

América tem tantos dos maiores do mundo que a lista vai sobre e sobre. Maior livraria do mundo é um Barnes and Noble em New York City; câmara a maior do mundo no vácuo é de 100 pés de diâmetro e localizada no Glenn Research Center da NASA em Sandusky, Ohio; rede mundial de supercomputação é o TeraGrid baseado na Universidade de Chicago, a maior reserva do mundo marinho é no Havaí, a maior espelunca do mundo é Billy Bob em Fort Worth, Texas, o maior casino do mundo, no Resort Foxwoods, em Ledyard, Connecticut; maior McDonalds do mundo é em Vinita, Oklahoma, o maior do mundo Bíblia está em Abilene, Texas; piscina o maior do mundo de natação é em Garden City, Kansas; loja a maior do mundo da guitarra é Ed Roman, em Las Vegas, Nevada, a cadeia maior do mundo hotel é Best Western, fundada em Long Beach, Califórnia, a loja a maior do mundo departamento Macy em Nova York, o maior do mundo roseira abrange 800 metros quadrados em Tombstone, Arizona, e maior lavanderia do mundo é em Berwyn, Illinois e você ainda tem que esperar por um secador!

Como é que o mestrado de educação especial on-line equipar os professores que querem fazer a diferença? A resposta é simples - nos EUA, atualmente existem mais de 6 milhões de estudantes que se inscreveram nos programas especiais.

Enquanto as escolas - públicas e privadas, pré-escolar ao secundário - luta para identificar e implantar professores qualificados para lidar com estes 6 milhões de alunos, ninguém sabe ao certo quantos milhões de alunos mais precisam ser identificados para classes especiais, de modo que possam lidar melhor com a sua dificuldades de aprendizagem, ou deficiências físicas e mentais.

Ao mesmo tempo, sucessivas administrações federais e estaduais desde 1975 aguçaram o seu foco na criação de sistemas complexos para identificar, formular e entregar um programa de educação altamente individualizado para cada estudante elegível. A pedra angular dessas legislações, programas e licensures é o professor altamente qualificado.

Um diploma de Mestrado em que assim se tornou uma obrigação para os professores aspirantes, e com muitos deles já estão empregados como professores regulares, mestrado educação especial on-line tornou-se o caminho mais conveniente para esta profissão.

O que ela envolve

Mestre grau em linha educação especial envolve o ensino à distância ou on-line que leva a graduação como Mestrado em Educação (MED), Master of Science (MS), Master of Arts (MA), ou qualquer um dos graus do mestre especializado nos vários sub-domínios, como a dislexia, déficit de atenção, etc

Mestre em linha cursos especiais de educação vai durar mais de um ano, e pode implicar significativa on-the-job treinamento sob um educador experiente especial. A maioria dos estados também exigem que os professores aspirantes a passar por um teste de licenciamento, antes de começar sua carreira.

Por que a Educação Especial?

Em média, os professores neste campo não ganham muito mais do que os professores regulares. Por outro lado, as responsabilidades do trabalho destes professores são mais exigentes - eles podem até mesmo incluir defender-se e programa da escola no tribunal, se os pais de alunos insatisfeitos desafiados optar por litígio, como já aconteceu inúmeras vezes em vários estados!

Ainda assim, cerca de 450.000 educadores optaram por e atualmente trabalho como professores de educação especial no país. Qual deve ser a atração?

Os professores neste domínio são muito improvável encontrar o desemprego no curto prazo ou longo prazo. Mas só isso não pode ser o chamariz para entrar nesta profissão, onde o trabalho árduo, difícil coordenação entre muitos, e resultados incertos da parte dos alunos, fazer a vida estressante.

A resposta pode, portanto, ser apenas que existem centenas de milhares de professores por aí que querem fazer uma diferença real às vidas desses estudantes desafiados. E é de facto uma enorme diferença. Segundo estimativas, quatro em cada cinco estudantes desafiaram costumavam ser excluídos do sistema educacional dos EUA, tão perto quanto três décadas atrás. Os números oficiais, tabulados por volta de 1975, colocar isso em 1 milhão de estudantes, que perdeu o ônibus.

Por que Mestrado Educação Especial?

Professores nesta especialidade ainda em falta significativa. Devido a isso, alguns estados ainda não tornou obrigatória para que eles tenham um grau de mestre. Nesses estados, os titulares de bacharelado aparecer para os exames de licenciamento profissional e trabalhar como professores de educação especial.

No entanto, mais e mais estados estão optando por um mestrado como qualificação mínima, por uma razão simples. A edição especial. professor deve ser capaz de interagir eficazmente com profissionais como psicólogos, terapeutas de deficiência, avaliadores educacionais, advogados, supervisores de ensino do distrito escolar, professores regulares e, de pais de curso de alunos com deficiência. É preciso titular de mestrado com o treinamento on-the-job significativo para realizar esta confiança.

Titulares de mestrado neste domínio têm também outra avenida em expansão - eles podem trabalhar como instrutores em faculdades e universidades que oferecem programas especializados, e essas instituições estão a aumentar rapidamente em número. Eles também são elegíveis para trabalhar como supervisores ou administradores dos distritos escolares.

Uma pequena mas significativa parte dos educadores ir para o 'grau, de modo a progredir para doutorado, que também são oferecidos por universidades mais e mais, estes dias.

Por último, embora os professores de educação especial não ganham muito mais do que os professores regulares, em média, os salários mais altos desenhadas por educadores especiais exceder os salários mais altos puxadas por professores regulares por US $ 3.000 a US $ 8.000. Escusado será dizer que quase todos mais altos que aqueles pagos educadores especiais são titulares de mestrado.

Por que Mestrado Educação Especial on-line?

Aqueles que planejam ter um mestrado nesta área são quase sempre os professores regulares que desenvolveram um fascínio para este campo. Outros incluem psicólogos, conselheiros, terapeutas de dificuldades de aprendizagem, etc Uma vez que ambos os professores e estes profissionais já possuem empregos a tempo inteiro, é um mestrado de educação especial on-line que é mais adequado para eles.

Em segundo lugar, apenas um professor excepcionalmente bom regular pode esperar para ser um bom professor de alunos especiais. Devido a isso, os aspirantes entrar na profissão de ensino regular para angariar alguns anos de experiência antes de tentar estudar educação especial. Mestre em linha grau de educação especial se encaixa perfeitamente neste esquema.

Em terceiro lugar, um componente importante de qualquer grau mestre da educação é on-the-job formação numa escola especial ou departamento de uma escola regular de educação especial. Os professores que trabalham e que optar por um mestrado on-line pode, assim, modificar a sua escola trabalhar-se para a parte de treinamento on-the-job.

Onde estudar Master Degree Online Educação Especial?

Centenas de universidades e faculdades em todo o país oferecem graus de mestre em linha em edição especial. Eles incluem as universidades estatais ou públicas, e universidades privadas ou independentes. Alguns dos cursos têm pequenos componentes que requerem visitas campus ocasionais, enquanto quase todos exigem on-the-job treinamento em uma escola.

Professores que trabalham que optam por mestrado educação especial on-line geralmente preferem estudar em seu próprio estado, se não a sua cidade. Outra razão para a preferência local é que algumas universidades incorporar requisitos que estado de licenciamento como parte do curso. Devido às exigências estritas de licenciatura, também é importante ir para um curso acreditado.

Estado ou a universidades que oferecem Mestrado Educação Especial On-line

Pelo menos 12 sistemas de universidades estaduais oferecem mestrado on-line em ed especial. Eles incluem Alabama, Flórida, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, Carolina do Norte, Pensilvânia e Texas. Aspirantes em estados como Alabama, Flórida e Kansas, são especialmente afortunados, com várias universidades públicas que oferecem o curso. Flórida talvez encabeça a nação com as suas três universidades públicas que oferecem esse grau. Algumas das prestigiadas universidades estaduais que oferecem o curso em todo o país são:

ALABAMA: Universidade de Auburn, Auburn, University of South Alabama, Mobile

FLORIDA: Florida State University, University of Central Florida, University of West Florida

INDIANA: Ball State University

KANSAS: Emporia State University, Fort Hays State University

KENTUCKY: Universidade de Louisville, Louisville

MICHIGAN: University of Michigan, Dearborn

Missouri: University of Missouri, Columbia

NEBRASKA: University of Nebraska, Lincoln

NOVA JERSEY: New Jersey City University

CAROLINA DO NORTE: University of North Carolina

Pensilvânia: Clarion University of Pennsylvania

TEXAS: Texas Tech University

Universidades privadas ou independentes que oferecem graduação on-line

Pelo menos 10 conhecidas universidades privadas ou independentes em 8 estados oferecem mestrado educação especial on-line. Esses estados incluem Arizona, Califórnia, Flórida, Iowa, Minnesota, Pensilvânia, Virgínia e Washington. Arizona e Iowa no topo da lista com duas universidades privadas cada, oferecendo o curso. Flórida e Pensilvânia são talvez os únicos dois estados que têm ambas as universidades públicas e privadas que oferecem o curso. Algumas das escolas conhecidas privadas que oferecem graus em linha são:

ARIZONA: Grand Canyon University, University of Phoenix

CALIFÓRNIA: La Sierra University

FLORIDA: Nova Southeastern University

IOWA: Graceland University, Kaplan University

MINNESOTA: Bethel University

VIRGINIA: Regent University

WASHINGTON: Cidade Universitária

O que esperar de Mestrado Educação Especial on-line, no futuro?

O alto desempenho esperado de professores especiais Edd vai garantir que um mestrado nesta área torna-se uma necessidade absoluta em todos os estados. Como é trabalhar os professores que são mais propensos a ir para um mestrado no assunto, e porque o curso em si é dominado por on-the-job, formação diploma universitário mestre em linha pode até ofuscar cursos regulares no assunto, no próximo futuro.

Recentes regulamentações mais rigorosas da parte das administrações com relação ao desempenho esperado dos alunos, e uma melhor consciência sobre dificuldades de aprendizagem por parte dos pais, fará com que mais e mais estudantes será apresentado para avaliação. Este cenário irá impulsionar a demanda por qualificados e treinados educadores especiais, dando um novo impulso para dominar on-line ed especial. cursos de graduação.

A mudança mais provável no conteúdo do curso será super-especialização em educação especial, com mestrado provavelmente diferente da construída em torno de dificuldades de aprendizagem ou deficiências diferentes.

"Rose é uma rosa é uma rosa é uma rosa." Foi escrito por Gertrude Stein como parte do 1913 poema Sagrado Emily, que apareceu no livro de 1922, Geografia e Plays. Em vista de Stein, a frase expressa o fato de que simplesmente usando o nome de uma coisa já invoca o imaginário e as emoções associadas com ele.

Essa certeza parece resumir um problema que temos hoje, "A faculdade é uma faculdade é uma faculdade é uma faculdade" ou "University é uma universidade é uma universidade é uma universidade." Há pessoas que acreditam que só porque alguém chama algo uma "faculdade ou universidade" é exatamente isso.

Devido a esta crença e com o advento da Internet, fábricas de diploma floresceram. Existem fábricas de diploma que tentam se parecer com um "rosa:" me desculpe, uma "faculdade", mesmo uma "universidade acreditada", mas nada poderia estar mais longe da verdade.

Então, se seus planos futuros incluem a faculdade ou uma universidade, descobrir se a escola onde você pretende obter um grau é uma instituição plenamente credenciado é o primeiro eo passo mais importante no processo de grau em linha.

O que é a diferença, desde que ele é um grau?

Eu tinha um bom amigo, que passou quatro anos de sua vida ganhar um diploma universitário. Acontece que mesmo que a instituição era bem conhecido, não foi credenciado. Infelizmente por causa de ter um grau que não foi credenciado, ele nunca foi capaz de conseguir um emprego em sua área escolhida, que estava ensinando.

Você está correndo um risco por não ter um diploma de uma escola credenciada. Um grau unaccredited é uma bomba relógio em seu currículo. Hoje, os empregadores estão analisando cuidadosamente as informações sobre pedidos de emprego e eles não olham favoravelmente em fábricas de diploma.

Tenha em mente a responsabilidade de detectar um moinho diploma estabelece em seu colo. Aqui estão apenas alguns sinais de alerta poucos: site da escola não tem número de telefone, os seus materiais promocionais concentram-se fortemente no crédito para a experiência de vida, o nome da escola é muito parecida com o nome de um tradicional, escola conhecida, um grau é concedido em algumas semanas ou meses, a escola afirma ser acreditados por um organismo que não está listado como um accreditor aprovado pelo Departamento de Educação, a escola se orgulha de acreditação, ou seja, (na íntegra, a nível nacional ou mundial acreditado), mas não tem legítimo aprovação da agência para fazer a reivindicação. Se o que você tem que fazer para ganhar o seu grau parece "bom demais para ser verdade", é um sinal de alerta de uma fábrica de diploma.

Por que é tão importante para uma escola para ser acreditado? Acreditação é um exame independente de programas de faculdade e universidade para confirmar que a educação que é fornecida é consistente e de alta qualidade. Quando uma faculdade ou universidade é concedida acreditação, ela garante que eles foram examinados e que tenham cumprido as normas de excelência que foram determinados pela organização credenciadora. Credenciamento para uma faculdade ou universidade é mantida pela adesão contínua para definir critérios. O objetivo da acreditação é ter certeza de que as faculdades e universidades alcançar determinados níveis de ensino.

Ao olhar para uma escola, verificar a sua acreditação. Alguns estado faculdades que estão acreditados, mas eles são credenciados por agências de acreditação falsos. É fundamental que você tenha certeza de que qualquer faculdade que você olhar a sério é credenciado por uma das seis agências regionais que estão listadas abaixo. Certifique-se de olhar para os seus sites, que lista todas as faculdades e universidades que tenham credenciados.

Acreditação Regional é o tipo mais reconhecido e aceito de acreditação nos Estados Unidos. Há seis regiões geográficas com uma agência em cada região que credencia programas de faculdade e universidade:

Médio Estados Associação de Faculdades e Escolas - http://www.msche.org/~~V

Credenciamento de faculdades em Delaware, Distrito de Columbia, Maryland, Nova Jersey, Nova York, Pensilvânia e Porto Rico.

New England Associação das Escolas e Faculdades - http://www.neasc.org/~~V

Credenciamento de faculdades em Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island e Vermont.

North Central Association of Colleges and Schools - http://www.ncacasi.org/~~V Credenciamento de faculdades em Arkansas, Arizona, Colorado, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Dakota do Norte, Nebraska, Ohio, Oklahoma , Novo México, Dakota do Sul, Wisconsin, Virgínia Ocidental e Wyoming.

Noroeste Associação de Escolas e Colégios - http://www.nwccu.org/~~V Credenciamento de faculdades no Alasca, Idaho, Utah, Montana, Nevada, Oregon e Washington.

Southern Association of Colleges and Schools - http://www.sacs.org/~~V Credenciamento de faculdades em Alabama, Flórida, Geórgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Carolina do Norte, Carolina do Sul, Tennessee, Texas e Virgínia.

Ocidental Associação das Escolas e Faculdades - http://www.wascweb.org/~~V

Credenciamento de faculdades na Califórnia, Havaí, os territórios de Guam, Samoa Americana, Estados Federados da Micronésia, República de Palau, Commonwealth das Ilhas Marianas do Norte, a Bacia do Pacífico, na Ásia Oriental, Pacífico e Leste da Ásia, onde as escolas americanas / Internacional são .

Você pode facilmente descobrir se uma faculdade ou universidade que você está interessado é credenciado, basta visitar o site do conselho regional específico de credenciamento, dependendo de onde a faculdade ou universidade está localizada.

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When deciding which criminal justice program to attend, the accreditation issue is very important. There are certain things that you should know about accreditation.

What is accreditation?

Accreditation means that a school and its programs have been peer reviewed through site visits by bodies recognized and authorized by the US Department of Education to do so. It, therefore, ultimately means that degrees obtained from accredited schools are recognized across the nation and are accepted as valid by employers.

Who are the recognized accreditation bodies?

The US Department of Education funds eight accreditation bodies. There are six regional accreditation (RA) bodies and two spin-offs of two of the six RA bodies.
These bodies are authorized to grant accreditations to schools falling within their specified regional jurisdictions.

These bodies are:

• the New England Association of Schools and Colleges (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont);

• the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia);

• the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools (Delaware, the District of Columbia, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, the US Virgin Islands, and Panama);

• the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools (Arkansas, Arizona, Colorado, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, North Dakota, Nebraska, Ohio, Oklahoma, New Mexico, South Dakota, Wisconsin, West Virginia, and Wyoming);

• the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (California, Hawaii, the territories of Guam, American Samoa, Federated States of Micronesia, Republic of Palau, Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands, the Pacific Basin, and East Asia); and,

• the Northwest Association of Schools and Colleges (Alaska, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah and Washington).

The two spin-offs are:

• the Western Association's Accrediting Commission for Senior Colleges and Universities (see WICHE Best Practices), and,

• the North Central's Higher Learning Commission (see NCA Best Practices).

If your school is accredited by one of these eight (8) groups, which receive US Dept. of Education funding and operate primarily by site visit-peer review, then you need not worry — your school has the best accreditation there is.

Are there other accreditation bodies?

There are other accreditation bodies and many online schools proudly advertise that they are accredited by one or the other of these bodies. But these so-called accrediting bodies are themselves not accredited so that their accreditations are not worth the paper they are written on.

Out of all these other accrediting bodies there are some that are simply blacklisted and not recognized while there are others that may be accepted as valid in 30 per cent of the organizations that matter. Employers, on the other hand, are likely to reject outright degrees given by schools accredited by these other agencies.

Is there a list of blacklisted schools or a list of schools whose degrees are not recognized?

Yes, at present there are two such lists. One list has been prepared by the state of Michigan and another prepared by the state of Oregon. Employers use these lists to check whether a particular degree from a particular school is worthless or not.

Is accreditation a really important issue?

Sim! It is the most important issue when you are deciding which criminal justice school you should enroll in. If the school you enroll in is not accredited, then the degree that you earn after spending a lot of money and effort will not be worth the paper it is written on. You will be a sucker of the worst kind!

Are you considering getting your college degree online? But not sure how you can tell if the college offering the degree is legitimate?

Online courses and online degree programs continue to grow in popularity. But just because they are popular, and just because the name of the college sounds good, does not necessarily make them legitimate.

On the other hand, just because you have not heard of a college does not mean it is not completely legitimate.

A Internet transformou a forma como os alunos aprendem, e da maneira que você pode obter um diploma. You can earn a degree from virtually any college in America without ever stepping foot on campus. But that means you need to make sure the time, effort, and money you put into earning your college degree is worthwhile.

So, how can you tell if the college offering the degree is legitimate?

By checking the college's accreditation.

Make sure that the college you are considering is accredited by one of the six regional accrediting agencies recognized by the US Department of Education. These agencies grant public and private universities their accreditation.

Unfortunately there are many accrediting agencies that are not “official”. And while colleges accredited by these unofficial agencies may still provide you with a quality education, you won't be able to obtain Federal Financial Aid or transfer your credits to an officially accredited college. And you may find that certain employers won't accept the degree, and therefore won't hire you.

Here are the six regional accrediting agencies recognized by the US Department of Education. If your college is listed, get out the books and start studying!

New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC)

Accredits schools in Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont.

http://www.neasc.org/

North Central Association of Colleges and Schools (NCA)

Accredits schools in Arkansas, Arizona, Colorado, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, North Dakota, Nebraska, Ohio, Oklahoma, New Mexico, South Dakota, Wisconsin, West Virginia, and Wyoming.

http://www.northcentralassociation.org/

Middle States Commission on Higher Education

Middle States Association of Schools and Colleges (MSCHE)

Accredits schools in Delaware, the District of Columbia, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, the US Virgin Islands.

http://www.msache.org

Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS)

Accredits schools in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia.

http://www.sacs.org/

Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC)

Accredits schools in California, Hawaii, and the Pacific Basin.

http://www.wascweb.org/

Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities (NWCCU)

Accredits schools in Alaska, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington.

http://www.nwccu.org/

I was reading an article the other day about whether small businesses should invest in search engine optimization during a recession. As I thought about the article it got me thinking about churches and recessions. Much like small businesses, many churches experience a financial crunch during a recession. After all, a church member can't tithe if they loose their job. So, should churches invest in SEO and other church marketing strategies during a recession?

For businesses I would absolutely recommend marketing themselves out of the recession. A business may have to work a little harder to get a customer, but it's better to maintain or increase your customer base, than cut back marketing costs. However, unlike businesses, churches do not have it as their objective to make money. They generally don't provide services for fees other than maybe offering their sanctuary for weddings and they don't sell products except for the occasional fundraiser or church with a bookstore. So, it's a tricky thing to talk about church marketing when the church budget is going south. The marketing budget is usually the easiest and first thing to get cut.

All the same, I'd point out that if a church increases its membership, often that increases the churches budget. Certainly, the purpose of the church isn't to increase its budget, but if budget is often the reason for cutting church marketing , then I think it's also important to realize that church marketing should actually increase the church budget.

People Are In Need
Churches exist to promote the Gospel of Jesus Christ and facilitate the fellowship and community of believers. So, what does that have to do with a recession? In America we have great wealth and lives that are pretty easy when compared to the rest of the word. The average “poor” person in America has more money and stuff than most of the “rich” people have in many other areas of the world. All the prosperity in the US makes is easy for people to place their security in themselves and their wealth. In a recession that security can be ripped away. So, where will people turn for their security?

Where Will They Turn?
During economically difficult times many people tend to turn to (or return to) the church for support, a fact that is supported by a 2007 study at Texas State University. The study shows that as the economy got worse, church attendance increased. So, a recession can be a time of growth for the church. This also means that a recession is one of the best times for church marketing .

Cast Your Line When The Fish Are Biting
The floral industry is a good illustration. Think about it, the number of people looking for flowers goes way up around Valentine's Day and Mother's Day. When do you think florists put the most emphasis on marketing themselves? The same is true for churches. When the number of people looking for a church increases, we need to increase our church marketing so we can reach as many of these people as possible, people who might otherwise never step inside a church.

Use This Opportunity
For the church, a recession is an opportunity. There are many ways the church can use a recession, but I'll just mention two:

1. The church needs to be ready to support and reach out with the Gospel to those who are now looking for answers and who are starting to see the fickle nature of financial wealth. These people will not turn to your church if they never hear about your church. So get the word out, make it easy for people to find your church, and reach out to these people. To reference a great hymn, we have the message of Christ the solid rock on which we stand. Todo o outro motivo é areia movediça. When people start to realize they are standing on sinking sand, we need to be there to help pull them up onto the Rock.

2. A igreja precisa estar pronto para ajudar aqueles em necessidade. Uma das principais missões da igreja sempre foi o de ajudar os pobres, janelas, órfãos e necessitados. Somos informados em Atos 2:42-47 de como a igreja primitiva estava disposto a vender suas propriedades e bens, a fim de dar a qualquer um que tivesse necessidade. 1 Timóteo 6:18 fala para os ricos, dizendo: "que pratiquem o bem, sejam ricos em boas obras, e para ser generoso e disposto a compartilhar." Eu não estou propondo a política econômica aqui, estou apenas dizendo que nós necessidade de mostrar o amor de Cristo por cuidar um do outro e estar disposto a sacrificar para ajudar aqueles em necessidade.

Então, agora, a igreja está em um momento de grande oportunidade. Ao contrário do título do estudo do estado de Texas implica, eu não acho que devemos orar para uma recessão, mas já temos um, poderíamos definir sobre a obra do Pai e usar esse tempo para chegar às pessoas, como muitos por Cristo, como podemos .